Distressed Hedge Funds in Secondary Sovereign Debt Markets of Emerging Economies

A Linchpin for Liquidity?

Authors

Keywords:

Distressed Hedge Fund, Sovereign Debt, Secondary Market, Liquidity, Emerging Economies

Abstract

Abstract: The paper aims to interrogate the effects of distressed hedge funds (DHFs) investments on the liquidity in the secondary market for sovereign debt of emerging economies. DHFs, or vulture holdouts, as they are informally known, have gained significant prominence in recent national debt crises. The primary complaint against them is that they exploit cooperative creditors and sovereign debtors by purchasing distressed debt at reduced prices, choosing not to participate in debt restructuring processes, and pursuing litigation to recoup the total debt amount. However, writers and industry experts have argued that although the activities of the holdout creditors, especially the DHFs, could disrupt the orderly sovereign debt restructuring in the debt market, much more beyond that, they promote the deepening and liquidity of the market. Thus, in pursuit of profits, distressed asset investors unintentionally contribute to the market's good by fostering market liquidity and indirectly helping the bondholders, sovereign borrowers defaulted sovereigns, and the societies of the debtor nations and the nations where the sovereign debt market is situated. This study is essentially non-empirical; hence, the literature review is used as the methodological tool. Specifically, an integrative review is used because the literature serves as the data.

References

African Development Bank. (2018). Vulture Funds in the Sovereign Debt Context. https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-partnerships/african-legal-support-facility/vulture-funds-in-the-sovereign-debt-context/.

Ams, J., Baqir, R., Gelpern, A., & Trebesch, C. (2019). Sovereign Default. In A. Pienkowski & K. Rogoff (Eds.), Sovereign Debt: A Guide for Economists and Practitioners (pp. 275–327). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Anayiotos, G. & de Piniés, J. (1990). The secondary market and the international debt problem. World Development, 18, No.12 (December): 1655-1669.

Bang, V., Joshi, S & Singh, M. (2015). Marketing strategy in emerging markets: a conceptual framework. Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol. 24 No. 2, 104-117.

Bantekas, I. & Lumina, C. (2019). Sovereign Debt and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Barry, C. (2011). Sovereign Debt, Human Rights, and Policy Conditionality. Journal of Political Philosophy 19, No. 3 (March ): 282-305.

Beitone, A. Cazorla, A., Dollo, C., & Drai, A. (2007). Dictionnaire Des Sciences Économiques. Paris: Armand Colin.

Bohoslavsky, J. P. & Cernic, J. L. (2014). Making Sovereign Financing and Human Rights Work. Oregon: Hart Publishing.

Bolton, P., & Jeanne, O. (2007). Structuring and Restructuring Sovereign Debt: The Role of a Bankruptcy Regime. Journal of Political Economy 115, no.6 (December): 901-924.

Borensztein, E., Yeyati, E.L., & Panizza, U. (2006). Living With Debt: How to Limit the Risks of Sovereign Finance. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Bradley, M., Cox, J. & Gulati. M. (2010). The Market Reaction to Legal Shocks and their Antidotes. 39J Legal Studies 289, 312-17.

Buchheit, L., Chabert, G., DeLong, C. & Zettelmeyer, J. (2019). How to Restructure Sovereign Debt: Lessons from Four Decades. In A. Abbas, A. Pienkowski, & K. Rogoff (Eds.) Sovereign Debt: A Guide for Economics and Practitioners (p 345). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Buchheit, L. (2007). Supermajority Control Wins out. 26 IFLR 21.

Buchheit, L. C., & Gulati, G.M. (2002). Sovereign Bonds and the Collective Will. Emory Law Journal 51, no.4 (March): 1317-1363.

Buchheit, L. C., Gulati, G. M. & Robert, B. T. (2007). The Dilemma of Odious Debts. Duke Law Journal 56, no. 5 (March): 1201-1262.

Buchheit, L. C., Gulati, G. M. & Tirado, I. (2013). The Problem of Holdout Creditors in Eurozone Sovereign Debt Restructurings. Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law (January): 191–194.

Buchheit, L. C., & Gulati, G. M. (2017). Restructuring Sovereign Debt After NML v. Argentina. Capital Markets Law Journal 12, no. 2 (April): 224-238.

Chen, J. (2022, June 15). Straight Bond: What it is, How it Works, Example. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/straight-bond.asp

Corrigan, T. (1994, April 5). Picking Up the Pieces of an Emerging Market. Financial Times.

Dvorkin, M., Sanchez, J. M., Sapriza, H., & Yurdagul. E. (2018). Sovereign Debt Restructurings. Working Paper 2018-013, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://doi.org/10.20955/wp.2018.013.

Eichengreen, B. J., El-Ganainy, A. A., Esteves, R. P. & Mitchener, K. J. (2019). Public Debt Through the Ages. Working Paper No. 2019/006, International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/01/15/Public-Debt-Through-the-Ages-46503.

Fisch, J. E., & Gentile, C. M. (2004). Vultures or Vanguards?: The Role of Litigation in Sovereign Debt Restructuring. Emory Law Journal 53 (August): 1047 – 1116.

Gelpern, A., Horn, S., Morris, S. Parks, B., & Trebesch, C. (2023). How China Lends: A Rare Look Into 100 Debt Contracts with Foreign Governments. Economic Policy 38, no.114, (April): 345–416.

Glover, J. M. M. (2012). The Structural Role of Private Enforcement Mechanisms in Public Law. William & Mary Law Review 53, no. 4 (March): 1137-1217.

Goren, J. (2010). State-to-State Debts: Sovereign Immunity and the 'Vulture' Hunt George Washington International Law Review 41(3): 681-708.

Grosse, R., & Meyer, K. (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Management in Emerging Markets. New York: Oxford University Press.

Grund, S. (2023). Sovereign Debt Restructuring and the Law: The Holdout Creditor Problem in Argentina and Greece. London: Routledge.

Harrison, N., & Huntriss. F. (2015). Hedge Funds and Litigation: A Brave New World. Capital Markets Law Journal 10, no. 2 (April): 135-141.

Harvey, C. R. (1995). Predictable Risk and Returns in Emerging Markets. The Review of Financial Studies 8, no. 3 (July): 773-816.

Häseler, S. (2008). Individual versus Collective Action Clauses. In International Sovereign Bond German Working Papers in Law and Economics, 9.

Hodges, C. (2009). European Union Legislation. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 622, no.1 (March): 78-85.

Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in Emerging Economies. The Academy of Management Journal 43, no. 3 (June): 249-267.

Jackson, K. (2022). All the Sovereign's Agents: The Constitutional Credentials of Administration. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 30, no. 3 (October): 777-824.

Jewett, M. (2014). Approaches to Sovereign Debt Resolution: Recent Developments. In Sovereign Debt Management, R. M. Lastra & L. Buchheit, xix–xxv. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kupelyants, H. (2018). Sovereign Defaults Before Domestic Courts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Li, Y., Olivares-Caminal, R., & Panizza, U. (2010). Avoiding Debt Crises: Lessons from Recent Defaults. In Sovereign Debt and the Financial Crisis: Will This Time Be Different? C. A. P. Braga, & G. A. Vincelette, 243-271. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Luff, P. A. (2011). Risk Regulation and Regulatory Litigation. Rutgers Law Review 64, no. 1 (March): 173-215.

Lumina, C. (2018). Curbing 'Vulture Fund' Litigation. In Sovereign Debt and Human Rights. I. Bantekas & C. Lumina, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 498.

Martinez, L, Roch, F., Roldán, F., & Zettelmeyer, J. (2022). Sovereign Debt." Working Papers 2022/122, International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/06/17/Sovereign-Debt-519809.

Megliani, M A. (2015). Sovereign Debt: Genesis, Restructuring, Litigation. Heidelberg: Springer.

Meyer, K., & M. W. Peng. (2016). Theoretical Foundations of Emerging Economy Business Research. Journal of International Business Studies 47, no. 1 (January): 3-22.

Mitchener, K. J., & Trebesch, C. (2023). Sovereign Debt in the Twenty-first Century. Journal of Economic Literature, 61 no.2 (June): 565-623.

Morriss, A. P., Yandle, B., & Dorchak, A. (2009). Regulation by Litigation. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Muse-Fisher, J. (2014). Starving the Vultures: NML Capital v. Republic of Argentina and Solutions to the Problem of Distressed-Debt Funds. California Law Review 102, no. 6 (December): 1671-1725.

OECD. (2023). Sovereign Borrowing Outlook for OECD Countries @ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/ccab9b0f-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/ccab9b0f-en

OECD. 2019. Sovereign Borrowing Outlook @ https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/orbis/node/1371

OECD. (2018). Sovereign Borrowing Outlook @ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/oecd-sovereign-borrowing-outlook-2018_sov_b_outlk-2018-en

Okamoto, G. (2020, October 1). Resolving global debt: an urgent collective action cause. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/10/01/sp100120-resolving-global-debt-an-urgent-collective-action-cause.

Olivares-Caminal, R. (2009). Legal Aspects of Sovereign Debt Restructuring London: Sweet & Maxwell.

Oluyeju, M. (2020). Normative Framework for the Regulation of Holdout Creditors in the Sovereign Debt Market. SJD dissertation, Tulane University.

Oluyeju, M. , & Oluyeju, O. (2023). Normative Framework for the Regulation of Holdout Creditors in the Sovereign Debt Market. International Community Law Review. doi https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-bja10111.

Oosterlinck, K. (2013). Sovereign debt defaults: Insights from history. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 29(4):697-714.

Pandolfi, L., & Williams, T. (2019). Capital Flows and Sovereign Debt Markets: Evidence from Index Rebalancings. Journal of Financial Economics 132, no.2 (May): 384-403.

Passadore, J., & Yu, X. (2022). Illiquidity in Sovereign Debt Markets. Journal of International Economics 137(C): 103618.

Paul, J. (2019). Marketing in Emerging Markets: A Review, Theoretical Synthesis and Extension. International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, no. 3 (September): 446-468.

Paul, J., & Benito, G. R. G. (2018). A review of research on outward foreign direct investment from emerging countries, including China: what do we know, how do we know and where should we be heading? Asia Pacific Business Review 24, no.1 (January): 90-115.

Power, P. J. (1996). Sovereign Debt: The Rise of the Secondary Market and its Implications for Future Restructurings. Fordham Law Review 64(6): 2701-2772.

Rahn, R. (2022). Vulture or Watchdog? The Washington Times, August 30, 2010. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/aug/30/vulture-or-watchdog.

Reinhart, C., & Rogoff, K. (2013). Financial and Sovereign Debt Crises: Some Lessons Learned and Those Forgotten. IMF Working Paper WP/13/266.

Rottig, D. (2016). Institutions and Emerging Markets: Effects and Implications for Multinational Corporations. International Journal of Emerging Markets 11, no. 1 (January): 2-17.

Roubini, N., & Setser, B. (2004). Bailouts or Bail-ins? Responding to Financial Crises in Emerging Economies. Washington: Institute of International Economics.

Sachs, J. D. (1989). Developing Country Debt and the World Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Samuels, W. J. (1977). Ideology in Economics. In Modern Economic Thought, edited by Sidney Weintraub, 467–484. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Schumacher, J., Trebesch, C., & Henrik, E. (2015). What Explains Sovereign Debt Litigation? Journal of Law and Economics 58, no. 3 (August): 585-623.

Schwarcz, S. L. (2016). Sovereign Debt Restructuring: A Model-Law Approach. Journal of Globalization & Development 6, no. 2 (February): 343-385.

Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R.W. (2003). Stock Market Driven Acquisitions. Journal of Financial Economics 70, no. 3 (December): 295-311.

Singh, M. (2003). Recovery Rates From Distressed Debt: Empirical Evidence From Chapter 11 Filings, International Litigation, and Recent Sovereign Debt Restructurings. Working Papers 2003/161, International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Recovery-Rates-From-Distressed-Debt-Empirical-Evidence-From-Chapter-11-Filings-International-16487.

Mona, S, & Sheth, J. N. (2018). Growing the Pie in Emerging Markets: Marketing Strategies for Increasing the Ratio of Non-users to Users. Journal of Business Research 86, no.1 (May): 217–224.

Skinner, F. (2005). Pricing and Hedging Interest and Credit Risk Sensitive Instruments. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell.

UNCTAD. (2016, October 26). Sovereign debt restructurings: lessons learned from legislative steps taken by certain countries and other appropriate action to reduce the vulnerability of sovereigns to holdout creditors, 71st General Assembly Second Committee Meetings: Side Event, 7. https://www.un.org/en/ga/second/71/se2610cn.pdf.

Tyson, J. (2015). Sub-Saharan Africa international sovereign bonds. Part II. Risks for issuer. ODI Research Report, Overseas Development Institute. https://odi.org/en/publications/sub-saharan-africa-international-sovereign-bonds.

Vasant, B. V., Joshi, S. L., & Singh, M. C. (2016). Marketing Strategy in Emerging Markets: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Strategic Marketing 24(2): 104-117.

Velde, F. (2014). A Review of Peter Temin's The Roman Market Economy. Journal of Economic Literature, 52, no.4 (December): 1151-59.

Viterbo, A. (2020). Sovereign Debt Restructuring: The Role and Limits of Public International Law. Turin: Giappichelli.

Waibel, M. (2011). Sovereign Defaults before International Courts and Tribunals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wheeler, C., & Attaran, A. (2003). Declawing the Vulture Funds: Rehabilitation of a Comity Defense in Sovereign Debt Litigation. Stanford Journal of International Law 39, no.2 (June): 253-284.

Wirtz, A. (2015). Bilateral Investment Treaties, Holdout Investors, and Their Impact on Grenada's Sovereign Debt Crisis. Chicago Journal of International Law: 16, no.1 (June): 249-280.

Witt, M. A., & Gordon, R. (2014). China: Authoritarian Capitalism. In The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems. M. A. Witt & R. Gordon, (Eds), 11-32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

World Report. (2013, February 5). Events of 2012. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013.

Wright, M. L. J. (2012). Sovereign Debt Restructuring: Problems and Prospects. Harvard Business Law Review 2(1): 153-198.

Wright, M., Filatotchev, I., Hoskisson, R. E., & Peng, M. W. (2005). Strategy Research in Emerging Economies: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom. Journal of Management Studies 42, no.1 (January): 1-33.

Wozny, L. (2017). National Anti-Vulture Funds Legislation: Belgium's Turn. Columbia Business Law Review 697, no. 2 (August): 697–747.

Xu, D. , & Meyer, K. E. (2013). Linking Theory and Context: ‘Strategy Research in Emerging Economies’ after Wright et al. (2005). Journal of Management Studies 50, no. 7 (November): 1322-1346.

Yu, H. (2017). Official Bondholder: A New Holdout Creature in Sovereign Debt Restructuring After Vulture Funds? Washington University Global Studies Law Review 16, no.3 (January): 535-559.

Published

2024-12-06

How to Cite

Oluyeju, O., & Oluyeju, M. (2024). Distressed Hedge Funds in Secondary Sovereign Debt Markets of Emerging Economies: A Linchpin for Liquidity?. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Juridica, 20(3). Retrieved from https://dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/AUDJ/article/view/2996

Issue

Section

Articles