Abstract: This research is of a great importancet because it provides insights for the government of Kosovo, businesses and universities to focus more on creating employment opportunities for students, and thus reduce the level of unemployment within the country. This research also high-lights the need to develop relevant skills required in the labor market so that graduates with their knowledge and skills meet market requirements. The main purpose of this research is to identify some employment barriers faced by young people in Kosovo, in order to have a review of the challenges of Kosovo’s youth and how to overcome them. In this assignment the survey method with evaluation strategy is used, whilst the approach of this assignments is deductive based on the empirical literature. Also, structural data (questionnaire) are used since this method is more effec-tive and helps to collect more reliable data and enables to achieve objectives of this research. Ko-sovo has the highest unemployment rate in Europe and faces many challenges in creating em-ployment opportunities for young people. Work experience has a direct impact on the selection process of future employees and as such the lack of work experience is a major obstacle for young people in Kosovo when applying for work. This research is the first of its kind that deals with the employment challenges of young people in Kosovo, during the application process and finding a job. Also, this research is focused on a developing economy and the findings are in line with the proposals.

Keywords: Youth employment; challenges; education; professional training; skills

It is obvious that unemployment is a measure of a country’s economic health. Also, it can be considered as one othe most severe macroeconomic disease which is an idicator showingcontry’s economic slump and poverty rate. Unemployment is one of the main challenges most European countries face. Kosovo is one of the countries facing the highest unemployment rate in Europe, which is in a great need for investment in order to overcome this challenge that it is facing in recent years.The factors that most affect the increase of the level of unemployment can be: contry’seconomic development, stability and welfare, the level of wages, working conditions etc.

Until they find a job, in Kosovo, young people face this phenomenon a lot. Among the main challenges for young people applying for a job is considered to be: work experience. The quality of education in the country is often considered to be the main indicator of youths’ unemployment. Thus, in our country, the education system should be linked with the labor market so that young people have the opportunity to gain greater knowledge about the labor market during their studies, to be able to find a job and keep it, and all this can be achieved through internships offered to students by various enterprises or even through part-time employment.

The access to the labor market presents a major challenge for youth in many countries and this has begun to attract everyone’s attention. This is due to the result of an unemployment rate recorded in Europe showing a higher rate of youth unemployment compared to those who are older. Facing various employ-ment challenges, these young people see migration as the only solution, i.e. leav-ing the country in search of better working conditions, better wages, welfare or even health insurance which are not provided in their own country but offered in other countries. But, even the unemployed who have decided to stay, are a heavy financial burden for their families and for the government that must create finan-cial assistance for the unemployed. In 2016, Kosovo recorded a GDP growth of about 4.06% (KSA 2017), but it was not enough to create new jobs in the market in compliance with population growth. Kosovo is characterized as a very small country, with a population of about 2 million inhabitants, therefore it faces a lack of foreign investment as foreign countries do not benefit from investing in a mar-ket which has small population and as a result more and more young people are suffering from this who have less employment opportunities ahead of them and thus the unemployment rate continues to rise. Young people are considered to be discriminated from the very moment the vacancy is opened, due to work experi-ence criteria of up to two or three years. This leads us to the conclusion that Ko-sovo needs a faster economic development pace in order to increase the demand for employees and reduce the unemployment rate, which is one of the main eco-nomic and social challenges facing the Government of Kosovo today. In this re-search, we interviewed Bachelor students at public universities in Kosovo, aged 18-24, to identify challenges these young people face when looking for a job.

During literature review, gaps were noted as this topic was not treat much in the context of theoretical and practical work. However during this research it has been noted that there are two types of articles that this assignment is based dur-ing literature review: the first group comprises the researche based on economic and econometric models, whilst the second group, whichis smaller, comprises two theories that belong to the economic field that are not specific for the employ-ment obstacles, but it covers much of the theoretical part. Employment is an in-dividual challenge, as it is characterized by many obstacles and it has certain characteristics. Different authors see the obstacles from different angles, therefore they are specific to each and every economy.But, in the case Kosovo’ youth, bar-riers are of a different nature, but we will channel these barriersbased on theories elaborated above.

There are a number of obstacles for young people entering New Zealand (Youth Parliament2013), including economic conditions, educational achievement, lack of experience and skills, competition with older workers, wage rates, and employ-ers’ attitudes. According to (Oxenbridge and Evesson2012), “Engaging young people in workplaces after graduation is presented as part-time work combined with studies, full employment, employer involvement in the education system, professional and educational training and through labor market mediators.”

Education is the main element of individual’s skills development and its inclu-sion in the labor market is facilitated by a good education. A feature characteriz-ing the country in transition, such as Kosovo, non-qualitative education negative-ly affects young people as they will have more barriers to employment. (Biavaschiet al, 2013) states that transition countries which have a large output of graduates, unemployment is due to the lack of matching education with labor market demands. In all developed countries and in some developing countries, the education system implies a two-step integration. The first step includes participa-tion to the relevant labor market trainings and education.Whereas, the second step consists integration into the labor market. In transition countries, these two steps are missing but only the step of education is presented, thereforechallenges are greater to enter the labor market. General knowledge and skills are based on the academic or educational system at secondary or higher levels.

The forms of vocational trainings are numerous because they are dictated by the level of development of a country’s education, but in our case, the level of educa-tion is at a lower level of development, determining that vocational training is a necessity for a more sustainable workplace. Generally, better educated young workers have better access to profitable employment and better jobs (O’Higgins, 2001). Education and vocational trainings bring young people closer to the labor market (Biavaschi et al, 2013). They point out that the performance from voca-tional trainingsprovide young people a good investment that will enable them easier employment in the labor market, examples such as Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland are the places where young people after the completion of vocational training courses are easily integrated into the labor market, in con-trast to the European countries who have major education challenges such as the need for vocational training is higher. While, in our case in Kosovo, vocational training is more seldom because there are very few vocational training centers which are associated with low levels of education, therefore this situation brings continues problems for the youngpeople in Kosovo to be employed.

The first problem that young peopleare facingduring the process of recruitment is the lack of experience for full-time jobs. Such a trend is of a great increase, where employers more and more require people who have work experiences and this el-ement conditions young people to have employment difficulties (Riggert et al.2006). Also, these authors emphasize that the decline in full-time employment has generally led to an increase in part-time youth employment, but it has limited young people’s choices to work full time jobs. This barrier is numerous, but the greatest impact for young people will bethe lack of sufficient training to gain a job they are aiming for, because the lack of full-time job work experience pre-vents them in the future to look for a job and also will prevent to achieve career goals.

The labor market is determined by job requirements and job bids, which make it easier for young people to enter the labor market. The labor market is a great are-na, where we see young people facing their first challenges, the transition from school to workplace. During economic growth periods, labour markets are more fluid and workers engage themselves more easelyunemployment to the employ-ment state. Moreover, in the latter case they usually move to a better-paid job – a phenomenon that is sometimes referred to as “climbing the wage ladder” (Faber-man and Justiniano, 2015), (Karahan et al, 2017), (Hahn et al, 2017). This study assesses the impact of both new and long-standing challenges on global labour market trends. Its analysis should also be useful in considering the recommenda-tions in the Report of the Global Commission on the Future of Work (ILO, 2019) and its call for a new focus on the changing nature of employment and its place in economy and society, as part of a “human-centred agenda for the future of work”. (Puerto, 2010) presents the real labor market structure for young people, including: demand for new skills, salaries, public employment programs, legal discrimination and other forms. Young people in the labor market are included with all the skills gained from the education system, while the barrier factor and the labor market require other specifics which are determined by the demographic and economic development of the area where they live and want to be employed. Economic growth was included among the SDG 8 targets by the United Nations in response to the consensus reached in academic and policy debates on the desir-ability of sustainable and inclusive growth, especially in response to such urgent challenges as the need for productive transformation, the high incidence of in-formality, the exclusion of workers from financial resources, environmental deg-radation, and inadequate living standards in the poorest countries (Brown 2011, ILO 2018, Lopes 2019, Paus 2018).

2. There is no impact on the employment of young people based on gender de-termination.

Respodents and samples – Respodents of this assignment are students from public universities in Kosovo. The number of students interviewed was 150, whilst the random sample is used to select students. We have chosen to interview young people aged 18-24 who are university students and are at the bachelor’s level of their studies, respectively first, second and third year students. We have chosen young people of this age because this is exactly the stage where they start to de-velop their careers and look for an ideal job. This helps us to achieve the goal of this research and to identify the challenges that young people face when looking for a job. In this research, a series of qualitative and quantitative elements were analyzed to identify and analyze the employment challenges faced by young peo-ple in Kosovo.

The sources of data used in this research are primary and secondary data. In this research, analytical methods were also used to analyze and identify youth em-ployment challenges, as well as to analyze opportunities for further development and the creation of new employment opportunities for young people. In this as-signment the survey method with evaluation strategy was used, whilst the ap-proach of this study is deductive approach, based on empirical literature. Also, structural data (questionnaires) were used, as this method is more effective and helps to collect more reliable data to identify the challenges that young people face in finding a job. This form of data collection has been used because such a topic is not addressed in the context of Kosovo. We used the Independent Sample Test to test study hypotheses by using the following variables: employment (de-pendent variable) and work experience (independent variable), to see if the work experience variable affects or is an obstacle to youth employment in Kosovo. We also used this Test for other variables such as: gender (independent variable) and employment (dependent variable) to find out whether gender affects youth em-ployment in Kosovo. Correlations were also used to observe relationships between different variables and determine what impact they have on youth employment. We have also tested the factors that influence the choices of jobs by young people in Kosovo and how vocational training affects youth employment and career de-velopment. Then, from the collected data, various analyzes were conducted to achieve results and to reach a conclusion which shows that the inductive method was used.

The drafting and compilation of the questionnaire has been adapted to the objec-tives of the research study to obtain results on employment challenges of young people in Kosovo. The purpose of this research is to collect data and identify the most important factors that affect the employment of young people in Kosovo, as well as the barriers that young people face in finding a job. The sample of this study consists of 150 students. The surveyed students are from different universi-ties in Kosovo, and their average age is 18-24 years old.

From the table above we notice that 82% of respondents are aged 18-21, whilst the remaining 18% are aged 22-24. The interviewed youth are university students and are at the bachelor’s level of their studies, respectively first, second and third year students.

From the above data, we notice that 45.30% of respondents are male while the remaining 54.70% are female. In Kosovo, the majority of young people attending higher education are women. Whilst, men who continue their studies are in lower percentage compared to women.

From the above data, 34% of respondents are first year students, 37.3% are sec-ond year students, while 28.7% of respondents are third year students.

From all interviewed students, the highest percentage is for the second year stu-dents, then the first year students, while the lowest percentage is for the third year students.

We have chosen young people of this age because this is exactly the time when young people start building their careers and looking for an ideal job. This helps us achieve the goal of this study and identify the challenges that young people face in finding a job.

From the data processed above, we see that 40% of respondents are employed, while 60% of respondents are unemployed. This means that 60% of young people who continue their studies are unemployed and hope that after graduation to find a job within the scope of their university qualification. While the rest of the stu-dents (40%) have managed to find a job and most of them are in their third year of study. This means that students at the end of their studies are more likely to find a job than students who have just started their studies.

From the data processed in the table above, we notice that 55% of women are employed within the employment status, while 45% are men. 40.20% of women and 39.70% of men are employed within the gender status. While a total of 22% of employees are female, and 18% of the total number of employees are male.

Within the employment status, 54.4% of females are not employed, whilst 45.60% of the unemployed are male. In terms of gender, 59.8% of the unem-ployed are female and 60.3% of them are male. In total, 32.7% of females are un-employed and 27.3% of males are also unemployed. This shows that women, in addition to being more involved in studies, also have a greater share in employ-ment. This shows that women have easier access to the labor market than men who are in a smaller percentage in this regard. Kosovo society has undergone a major change in recent years givingfemales greater employment priorities and also more responsibilities, compared to the first years of the 21st century where women have had less participation in employment.

From the data processed above, we note that within the employees’ percentage, 35% of them are third year students, 33.3% are second year students, and 31.7% are first year students. Also, with regard to employment status, 24.4% of the un-employed are in the third year of their studies, 40% are in the second year of their studies and 35.6% of the unemployed are in the first year of their studies. This means that first year students find it harder to find a job rather than students who are finishing their studies or even those in the second year. Students who recently started studying want to devote as much time as possible to their studies and cannot work because studies require a lot of time and dedication. Whilst, at the end of their studies they want to find a job, so that after graduation they have the opportunity to enter the labor market.

Table 7. describes the correlation between variables of “work experience” and “employment”, from T test data can be seen that there is a significant correlation between work experience and employment where the hypothesis (1) is approved and work experience affects youth employment. Work experience is one of the main obstacles to youth employment in Kosovo. Young people say that they are being discriminated from the beginning of their professional careers, because job vacancies require work experience, and on the other hand, they are not given the opportunity to create this work experience. Young people need to be supported and institutions should give them prioritiesduring the recruitment process in or-der to giving them the opportunity to enter the labor market, create work experi-ence and develop their skills based on their professional qualifications because the youth adapts quicker to changes that society and businesses world face.

Table 8. describes the relationship between the variables of “gender” and “em-ployment”, the t-test data show that there is no correlation between gender and employment, where hypothesis (2) is accepted but gender has no impact on youth employment. Gender in employment is not a direct but indirect barrier, which is covered by some other challenging elements, but in general it is not a barrier to employment. Reseach results indicate that gender is not a factor that affects youth employment, but shows that both genders, i.e. women and men are equally involved in the employment process and there is no discrimination in this pro-cess.

From the above data we notice that family mostly influences the youth on job selection, where 82.3% (124) stated that the family influences them selecting a job. Whereas, 12.9% (20) stated that their field of study affects chosing a job. This is an indicator that young people are not being employed in the field of their academic qualification. Most of them are employed in jobs that have been sug-gested by members of their family, perhaps because young people find it difficult to make decisions in their early careers without consulting their family members. As soon as young people are given the first job opportunity, they cannot lose it because they do not have many employment opportunities, due to the fact that foreign investments in Kosovo are also scarce, as investors are reluctant to invest in countries with small population.

From the table above, we notice that most of the surveyed students have less than one year (71.1%) work experience, about 20% have 2 years of work experi-ence, and 7.8% have 3 years of work experience. The lack of work experience for young people is due to the lack of internships. Internships will help young people to be ready for the labor market because they say that there are difficulties in en-tering the labor market just because of the lack of work experience and the only opportunity for them is is through internshipsprovided by different businesses and if they show good results, their regular employment contract can be extended and thus they manage to find a job.

Table 11. shows that there is a stronger positive relationship between professional training and employment (Sig. 0.91), which means that vocational training helps young people find jobs easier and be better prepared for the labor market. From the analyzed data, we see that young people who have attended trainings have managed to find work and have emphasized that trainings are very useful in building work experience. Whilst, other correlations are not significant, therefore there is no positive correlation between gender and employment, but a negative correlation that answers the research question that gender has no impact on youth employment.

Vocational training turns out to be effective for young people in finding a job, as it empowers and prepares them for the labor market. Such an approach should be available to the education system in the country in order to provide more oppor-tunities for students to gain practical knowledge in addition to theoretical knowledge they gaing in their study field.

Finding a job continues to be a major challenge for Kosovo’s youth. Just as entry into stable employment has become a lengthier and more complex process, so the notion of what constitutes a young person has also undergone some modification. The standard United Nations (UN) definition of a young person as one aged be-tween 15 and 24 years no longer fully covers the typical period of transition from education to employment which the concept of youth was originally intended to capture. These days, more young people stay in education to higher levels, and the transition process itself is becoming more drawn out, so that a significant number of young people do not complete that transition until their late twenties (ILO, 2017).

Youth employment is considered to be one of the main challenges for many de-veloping countries. Kosovo is among these countries which is ranked to have the highest unemployment rate in Europe. Creating greater employment opportuni-ties for young people remains one of the main objectives of our state leaderswho should ho provide and create an environment for capital investments in order to create more jobs youth. In Kosovo, young people find it difficult to access the labor market and there are very few employment opportunities because Kosovo is a small country and the level of investments is still low. Kosovo needs more investments and open new businesses to create more opportunities for our young people in order to get em-ployed easyer. Young people are also concerned about the lack of the law on health insurance and this is a big challenge when choosing a job because this in-dicates thathey are not safe in case something happens in the workplace. Taking into account all these employment barriers for the youth, we think that our gov-ernment leaders should be more concerned abot the future perspective of Kosovar youth and that this is a precondition for sustainable economic development. Bringing in foreign investors to Kosovo and creating new jobs should be a priority for the Kosovo government, as young people are leaving the country due to a thelack of prospects for the future. Young people see Kosovo as a country that offers less opportunities and prosperity for their future and career, compared to other European countries.

From the results of this research we can conclude that young people in Kosovo face many challenges for finding a job, especially in their field of studies or aca-demic qualification. Among the main challenges these young people face are: lack of work experience, adequate education, vocational training and labor mar-ket.

Based on the results of this research, obviously one of the main challenges that young people in our country face while finding a job is the work experience. Young people say that every job vacany requires at least 2 to 3 years of work ex-perience, even more. This makes it impossible for them to find a job because they cannot start working with such an experience, but they must have support and be given the opportunity to gain that experience. But, the ability of an individual to earn a job also plays an important role. These skills can be acquired from educa-tion, vocational training that the individual has attended or even from the intern-ships that he/she has attended in different companies. Young people should be given easier access to the labor market through the link between the education system and the labor market and to offer students the opportunity to learn more about their field of study throughinternships offered by different companies. In-stitutions in our country or government leaders of this system have done little in this regard and have not created opportunities for greater development of youth skills, which would be achieved through their access to the labor market during their studies. Also, as many vocational schools as possible should be opened in order that these young people to have the opportunity to receive metier in a cer-tain field, because not everyone wants to continue their studies at higher levels.

From our experience and numerous trainings, it has been concluded that students from school come up with good theoretical concepts (as a result of individual work of students), but due to the lack of infrastructure in educational institu-tions, there is a lack of practical experience as well. Businesses and the labor mar-ket, on the other hand, require professionalism because human resources are key indicators that enhance and improve the image or outcome of a company. The education system in our country offers to the young people very little access to the labor market, as universities do not enter into agreements with businesses to give them opportunities for internship or even long-term employment. Such an approach would create more opportunities for young people and facilitate their entry into the labor market. So, young people have no choice but to pursue pri-vate trainings in order to gain a job through the practical knowledge gained.

It is obvious that quality and professional education is one of the main factors for young people to be well prepared for the labor market and to acquire the neces-sary skills to adapt to market demands. Developed countries, which also offer high level vocational education provide young people with better conditions for their future and prepare them for the labor market. Qualitative education depends on the development of the country in general. Kosovo, being a less developed country, also has a less developed educational system and young people have dif-ficulties finding a job in the field in which they study. The process of employ-ment through studies or after their graduation is very important for the perspec-tive of young people and their future. In our country, young people are not of-fered such an opportunity because most of them have to choose between studies and employment, because they cannot achieve both, as they are not offered the opportunity to work part-time or even with flexible hours.

Based on the research conducted, we have come to the conclusion that institu-tions should do more in this regard, linking the education system with what is required in the labor market or even through vocational schools, and through this increase the quality of education that young people would be better prepared for the labor market and would be able to find work during their studies or even after their graduation.

Due to the absence of an education system that prepares students for the labor market, young people should choose vocational trainings as an option to find a job and gain practical knowledge related to their profession and gain necessary skills required in the labor market. Young people are tired of the education sys-tem which offers more theoretical knowledge about their profession, they say that they need practical knowledge, knowledge which is really required in the labor market and most of them say that they gain this knowledge by pursuing addition-al vocational trainings and thus make it easier to find a job. The results of the research show that students who have attended vocational trainings have found it easier to find a job, compared to those who have not attended any vocational training. Finaly, we conclude that vocational training prepares young people for the labor market by providing them practical knowledge about their profession and facilitating the employment process.

From the analysis conducted in this research, we came to the conclusion that vo-cational training helps young people find jobs more easily and be more prepared for the labor market. From the analyzed data, we see that young people who have attended trainings have managed to find work and have emphasized that the trainings are very useful in building the professionalism of the work.

In this research, the data of the questionnaire for young people in Kosovo were empirically analyzed. The employment challenges of young people in Kosovo, generally come as a result of economic and local development factors. Young people in Kosovo are the dominant population, but supporting them is lacking. From the analysis done in this research, we come to the following conclusions:

From our experience and extensive research, we came to the conclusion that stu-dents gain good theorital knowledge in their schools (as a result of their individu-al work and engagement), but due to the lack of infrastructure in our educational institutions, also there is a considerable lack of practical work experience practice. On the other hand, businesses and labor market demand professionalism because it is human resources through which they increase their image or the success of a company.

Based on the research conducted, we came to the conclusion that institutions should do more in this regard by linking education system with what is required in the labor market or even through vocational schools, thus education quality will increase and young people would be more prepared for the labor market and would be able to find a job during their studies or even after their graduation. Young people in Kosovo find it difficult to enter labor market due unlikely em-ployment because Kosovo is a small country and investments are is still low.

This country needs more investments, open new businesses and creating oppor-tunities for our young people to easily find a job. Young people are also con-cerned about the lack of health insurance law and this is a big challenge when choosing a job because it indicates that they are not safe in case something hap-pens in the workplace. Considering all these employment barriers for the youth, we think that our government leaders should deal more with the perspective of Kosovar youth and this is a precondition for sustainable economic development. Bringing in foreign investors to Kosovo and creating new jobs should be a priority for the Kosovo government because the youth is leaving the country due to the lack of future prospects. Compared to other European countries, young people see Kosovo as a country that offers small opportunities and prosperity for their future and career.

The main challenge that young people face in finding a full-time job is the lack of work experience. Such a trend is growing, where employers are increasingly look-ing to hire individuals with work experience, which makes it even more difficult to employ young people. Empirical results show that the factor that most affects the employment of young people in Kosovo is work experience while other fac-tors are not statistically significant, so we conclude that work experience is the main obstacle for young people in Kosovo to find a job. Young people say that they are discriminated from the beginning of their professional career because job vacancies require work experience, and on the other hand, they are not given the opportunity to create this work experience. Gender is not a direct barrier to youth employment, but an indirect one, which is covered by several other challenging elements, but in general, it is not a barrier to employment.

From the analysis conducted in this research we have concluded that vocational training helps young people find jobs more easily and be more prepared for the labor market. From the analyzed data, we see that young people who have attend-ed trainings have managed to find work and have emphasized that training is very useful in building professional work experience. Research results show that stu-dents who have attended vocational trainings find it easier to find a job, compared to those who have not attended any vocational training. Finally, we conclude that vocational trainings prepare young people for the labor market by providing them with practical knowledge of their profession and facilitating the employment pro-cess. As shown above, youth unemployment and the unemployment rate, in gen-eral, continue to cause severe social and economic costs resulting in the loss of economic growth opportunities in Kosovo. On the contrary, a key guideline to address youth employment challenges is the need for an integrated rural devel-opment strategy for the growth and creation of new jobs.

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1 PhD, University of Appied Sciences in Ferizaj”, Ferizaj, Kosovo, Address: Rr. Universiteti, Ferizaj, Kosovë, Ferizaj 70000, Tel.: +38344773666, Corresponding author: petrit.hasanaj@ushaf.net.

2 MSc., Pro Consulting - Group, Prizren, Kosovo, Tel.: +38345673312, E-mail: besmirahmetaj22@gmail.com.

3 PhD., University of Appied Sciences in Ferizaj”, Ferizaj, Kosovo, Address: Rr. Universiteti, Ferizaj, Kosovë, Ferizaj 70000, Tel.:+38344960960, E-mail: arben.terstena@ushaf.net.

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