Evaluation of Solar and Wind Energy for Efficiency, Carbon Reduction, and Environmental Protection in Azerbaijan

Abstract

As climate change intensifies, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind offer critical pathways to increase energy efficiency, reduce carbon emissions, and protect the environment. Globally, the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power has plummeted in the past decade, making these technologies increasingly cost-competitive. Wind and solar generation produce virtually no greenhouse gases or air pollutants during operation, displacing dirtier fossil fuels and yielding substantial climate and health co-benefits. In Azerbaijan, an oil and gas-based economy with modest recent progress in renewables, the solar and wind potential is enormous. This article reviews recent scientific and policy literature (2015-2025) on alternative energy, focusing on solar and wind in Azerbaijan. Using a systematic analysis of publications and data sources, we assess technology performance, life-cycle emissions, and ecosystem impacts. The findings show that solar and wind power have far lower carbon footprints than coal or natural gas, and their deployment can sharply cut air pollution. Energy payback for PV occurs within a few years of operation. We also identify challenges such as land use, intermittency, and waste management, concluding that with supportive policies and grid planning, Azerbaijan can harness solar and wind to meet its energy needs more sustainably.