Job Demand-Control-Support Model: A Study of Nigerian Contract Bank Employees
Keywords:
Job-demands-control-support model; job performance; contract bank employmentAbstract
Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model, a theoretical approach applied across Europe and Asia to explain relationship between job factors, occupational health and job outcomes, was applied to the Nigerian work context to investigate the causal relationships of the precarious employment and work conditions of contract bank employees and the negative effects on their work outcome. Cross-sectional design and stratified random sampling were adopted to collect quantitative data from 420 contract bank employees across four banks in Lagos, Nigeria. Hypotheses were tested with SPSS/Process Macro v. 3.5. Findings showed that job demand, job control and social support have significant main causal relationships with job performance of the contract bank employees, with job demands negatively and job control and social support positively relating to their job performance. While social support was found to buffer the negative effect of job demands on their job performance, job control alone and in combination with social support did not show any buffer effect. Study provides partial support for the relevance and applicability of the JD-C-S model in the Nigerian banking work context, particularly with respect to the contract bank employees in the industry. Limitations and implications of study for theory and practice are further discussed.
References
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Gerich, J., & Weber, C. (2020). The Ambivalent Appraisal of Job Demands and the Moderating Role of Job Control and Social Support for Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 148, pp. 251–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02195-9
Giga, S.I, & Hoel, H. (2003). Violence and stress at work in financial services. Geneva: International Labor Office.
Giorgi, G., Arcangeli, G., Perminiene, M., Lorini, C., Ariza-Montes, A., Fiz-Perez, J., Di Fabio, A., & Mucci, N. (2017). Work-Related Stress in the Banking Sector: A Review of Incidence, Correlated Factors, and Major Consequences. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 8, p. 2166. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02166
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Hausser, J.A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand-Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being. Work Stress, Vol. 24, pp. 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678371003683747 [CrossRef]
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Humphrey, S.E., Nahrgang, J.D., & Morgeson, F.P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1332-1356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1332.
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Iqbal, M. (2014). Job control mediates between workplace stress and organisational performance: A case study of Air Traffic Controllers of Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary Management, pp. 89-98.
Janssen, P.P., Bakker, A.B., & De Jong, A. (2001). A test and refinement of the Demand–Control–Support Model in the construction industry. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 8, pp. 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017517716727. [CrossRef]
Johnson, J.V., & Hall, E.M. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 78, pp. 1336–1342. https//doi.org/10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and men¬tal strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 285-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498.
Karasek, R. A, & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
Kaur, K., Kaur, P., & Kumar, P. (2017). Stress, coping mechanisms and its socioeconomic impact on organisations: A review. Indian Journal of Economics and Development, Vol. 13, No. 2a, pp. 744–751. https://doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2017.00163.9
Koopmans, L. (2015). Individual Work Performance Questionnaire - Instruction manual. Amsterdam: TNO Innovation for Life- Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center.
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., De Vet, H. C. W. & Van der Beek, A. J. (2014). Construct Validity of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000113
Luchman, J. N., & González-Morales, M. G. (2013). Demands, control, and support: A meta-analytic review of work characteristics interrelationships. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030541
Macklin, D. S., Smith, L. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2006). Public and private sector work stress: Workers compensation, levels of distress and job satisfaction, and the Demand-Control-Support model. Australian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 58, pp. 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530600940190
Meier, L. L., Semmer, N. K., Elfering, A., & Jaconshagen, N. (2008). The double meaning of control: Three-way interactions between internal resources, job control and stressors at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 244-258. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.244
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Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J.-F., & David, S. (2008). Importance of psychosocial work factors on general health outcomes in the national French SUMER survey. Occupational Medicine, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 15-24. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/occmed/kqm115
Peeters, M. C., Montgomery, A. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Balancing work and home: How job and home demands are related to burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 43. http://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.43
Pelfrene, E., Vlerick, P., Kittel, F., Mak, R. P., Kornitzer, M., & De Backer, G. (2002). Psychosocial work environment and psychological well-being: Assessment of the buffering effect on the job demand-control (-support) model in BELSTRESS. Stress and Health, Vol. 18, pp. 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.920
Petarli, G.B., Zandonade, E., Salaroli, L.B., Bissoli, N.S. (2015). Assess¬ment of occupational stress and associated factors among bank employees in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Cien Saude Colet, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 3925–3934, https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152012.01522015.
Pisanti, R., van der Doef, M., Maes, S., Violani, C., & Lazzari, D. (2016). Psychosocial job characteristics and psychological distress/well‐being: the mediating role of personal goal facilitation. Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.15-0117-OA
Pomaki, G., & Anagnostopoulou, T. (2003). A test and extension of the Demand/Control/Social support model: Prediction of wellness/health outcomes in Greek teachers. Psychology & Health, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044031000147256
Pozo-Antúnez, J.J., Ariza-Montes, A., Fernández-Navarro, F., & Molina-Sánchez, H. (2018). Effect of a Job Demand-Control-Social Support Model on Accounting Professionals’ Health Perception. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, pp. 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112437
Rehman, S., Khan, M.A., Afzal, H., Akhter, W., & Ali, I. (2010). Stress in banker’s life: Demands-control model as predictors of employee’s activity participation. African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 4, No. 9, pp. 1679-1690. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM
Rodriguez, I., Bravo, M. J., Peiro, J. M., & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The Demands-Control-Support Model, locus of control and job dissatisfaction: a longitudinal study. Work and Stress, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370110066968
Rothmann, S., Mostert, K. & Strydom, M. (2006). A psychometric evaluation of the job demands resources scale in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 76-86. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v32i4.239
Sakuraya, A., Shimazu, A., Eguchi, H., Kamiyama, K., Hara, Y., Namba, K., & Kawakami, N. (2017). Job crafting, work engagement, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: A cross-sectional study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, Vol. 11, No. 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-017-0091-y
Spector, P. E. (2002). Employee control and occupational stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 11, pp. 153-156.
Umar, M., Sitorus, S.M., Surya, R.L., Shauki, E.R., & Diyanti, V. (2017). Pressure, Dysfunctional Behaviour, Fraud Detection and Role of Information Technology in the Audit Process. Australasia Accounting Business Finance Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 102–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v11i4.8 [CrossRef]
Valente, M., Menezes, P., Pastor-Valero, M., & Lopes, C. (2016). Re: Response to “Depressive symptoms and psychosocial as¬pects of work in bank employees”. Occupational Medicine (Lond), Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 421–422, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqw058.
van der Doef, M. & Maes, S. (1999). The job-control (-support) model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work & Stress, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 87-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026783799296084
Van Yperen, N. W., & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do high job demands increase intrinsic motivation or fatigue or both? The role of job control and job social support. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 339-348. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040627
Verhoeven, C., Maes, S., Kraaij, V., & Joekes, K. (2003). The job-demand-control-social support model and wellness/health outcomes: A European study. Psychology and Health, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044031000147175
Zis, P., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Sykioti, P. (2014). Burnout in medical residents: A study based on the job demands-resources model. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, pp. 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/673279.
Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Broughton, A. (2010). Work-related stress. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Chen, W., Liu, Y. & Yang, T. (2013). How can HRM help organisations build the supportive “work-life/family” balance culture? http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_9_August_2013/9.pdf
De Aguiar, O. B., Da Fonseca, Mendes, M. J. & Valente, J. G. (2010). Reliability (test-retest) of the Swedish “Demand-Control- Support Questionnaire” scale among industrial restaurants workers, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Review of Brazil Epidemiology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 1-10.
de Jonge, J., & Dormann, C. (2006). Stressors, resources, and strain at work: A longitudinal test of the triple-match principle. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91, pp. 1359-1374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1359
Edimansyah, B. A., Rusli, B. N., Naing, L., Rusl, B. A. M., Winn, T., Ariff, R. H. T. (2008). Self-perceived depression, anxiety, stress and their relationships with psychosocial job factors in male automotive assembly workers. Industrial Health, Vol. 46, pp. 90-100. http://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.46.90
Eurofound (2014). Occupational Profiles in Working Conditions: Identification of Groups with Multiple Disadvantages. Retrieved from https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2014/working-conditions/occupational-profiles-in-working-conditions-identification-of-groups-with-multiple-disadvantages, date: 12.20.2019.
Fujishiro, K. (2005). Fairness at work: Its impact on employee well-being. (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Fujishiro%20Kaori.pdf?osu1117142039, date: 09.05. 2010.
Gerich, J., & Weber, C. (2020). The Ambivalent Appraisal of Job Demands and the Moderating Role of Job Control and Social Support for Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 148, pp. 251–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02195-9
Giga, S.I, & Hoel, H. (2003). Violence and stress at work in financial services. Geneva: International Labor Office.
Giorgi, G., Arcangeli, G., Perminiene, M., Lorini, C., Ariza-Montes, A., Fiz-Perez, J., Di Fabio, A., & Mucci, N. (2017). Work-Related Stress in the Banking Sector: A Review of Incidence, Correlated Factors, and Major Consequences. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 8, p. 2166. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02166
Giorgi, G., Arcangeli, G., Ariza-Montes, A., Rapisarda, V., & Mucci, N. (2019). Work-Related Stress in the Italian Banking Population and its Association with Recovery Experience. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 255 – 265. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01333
Hausser, J.A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand-Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being. Work Stress, Vol. 24, pp. 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678371003683747 [CrossRef]
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Methodology in the social sciences. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd Ed.) New York: The Guilford Press.
Humphrey, S.E., Nahrgang, J.D., & Morgeson, F.P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1332-1356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1332.
Ibrahim, R.Z.A.R., & Ohtsuka, K. (2012). Review of the job demand-control and job demand-control-support models: Elusive moderating predictor effects and cultural implications. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, Vol. 1, pp. 10–21. [Google Scholar]
Iqbal, M. (2014). Job control mediates between workplace stress and organisational performance: A case study of Air Traffic Controllers of Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary Management, pp. 89-98.
Janssen, P.P., Bakker, A.B., & De Jong, A. (2001). A test and refinement of the Demand–Control–Support Model in the construction industry. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 8, pp. 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017517716727. [CrossRef]
Johnson, J.V., & Hall, E.M. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 78, pp. 1336–1342. https//doi.org/10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and men¬tal strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 285-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498.
Karasek, R. A, & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
Kaur, K., Kaur, P., & Kumar, P. (2017). Stress, coping mechanisms and its socioeconomic impact on organisations: A review. Indian Journal of Economics and Development, Vol. 13, No. 2a, pp. 744–751. https://doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2017.00163.9
Koopmans, L. (2015). Individual Work Performance Questionnaire - Instruction manual. Amsterdam: TNO Innovation for Life- Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center.
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., De Vet, H. C. W. & Van der Beek, A. J. (2014). Construct Validity of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000113
Luchman, J. N., & González-Morales, M. G. (2013). Demands, control, and support: A meta-analytic review of work characteristics interrelationships. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030541
Macklin, D. S., Smith, L. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2006). Public and private sector work stress: Workers compensation, levels of distress and job satisfaction, and the Demand-Control-Support model. Australian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 58, pp. 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530600940190
Meier, L. L., Semmer, N. K., Elfering, A., & Jaconshagen, N. (2008). The double meaning of control: Three-way interactions between internal resources, job control and stressors at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 244-258. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.244
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (Q4, 2019). Selected Banking Sector Data: Sectorial Breakdown of Credit, ePayment Channels and Staff Strength. Downloaded from https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary, 13 July, 2020.
Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J.-F., & David, S. (2008). Importance of psychosocial work factors on general health outcomes in the national French SUMER survey. Occupational Medicine, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 15-24. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/occmed/kqm115
Peeters, M. C., Montgomery, A. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Balancing work and home: How job and home demands are related to burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 43. http://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.43
Pelfrene, E., Vlerick, P., Kittel, F., Mak, R. P., Kornitzer, M., & De Backer, G. (2002). Psychosocial work environment and psychological well-being: Assessment of the buffering effect on the job demand-control (-support) model in BELSTRESS. Stress and Health, Vol. 18, pp. 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.920
Petarli, G.B., Zandonade, E., Salaroli, L.B., Bissoli, N.S. (2015). Assess¬ment of occupational stress and associated factors among bank employees in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Cien Saude Colet, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 3925–3934, https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152012.01522015.
Pisanti, R., van der Doef, M., Maes, S., Violani, C., & Lazzari, D. (2016). Psychosocial job characteristics and psychological distress/well‐being: the mediating role of personal goal facilitation. Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.15-0117-OA
Pomaki, G., & Anagnostopoulou, T. (2003). A test and extension of the Demand/Control/Social support model: Prediction of wellness/health outcomes in Greek teachers. Psychology & Health, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044031000147256
Pozo-Antúnez, J.J., Ariza-Montes, A., Fernández-Navarro, F., & Molina-Sánchez, H. (2018). Effect of a Job Demand-Control-Social Support Model on Accounting Professionals’ Health Perception. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, pp. 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112437
Rehman, S., Khan, M.A., Afzal, H., Akhter, W., & Ali, I. (2010). Stress in banker’s life: Demands-control model as predictors of employee’s activity participation. African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 4, No. 9, pp. 1679-1690. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM
Rodriguez, I., Bravo, M. J., Peiro, J. M., & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The Demands-Control-Support Model, locus of control and job dissatisfaction: a longitudinal study. Work and Stress, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370110066968
Rothmann, S., Mostert, K. & Strydom, M. (2006). A psychometric evaluation of the job demands resources scale in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 76-86. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v32i4.239
Sakuraya, A., Shimazu, A., Eguchi, H., Kamiyama, K., Hara, Y., Namba, K., & Kawakami, N. (2017). Job crafting, work engagement, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: A cross-sectional study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, Vol. 11, No. 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-017-0091-y
Spector, P. E. (2002). Employee control and occupational stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 11, pp. 153-156.
Umar, M., Sitorus, S.M., Surya, R.L., Shauki, E.R., & Diyanti, V. (2017). Pressure, Dysfunctional Behaviour, Fraud Detection and Role of Information Technology in the Audit Process. Australasia Accounting Business Finance Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 102–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v11i4.8 [CrossRef]
Valente, M., Menezes, P., Pastor-Valero, M., & Lopes, C. (2016). Re: Response to “Depressive symptoms and psychosocial as¬pects of work in bank employees”. Occupational Medicine (Lond), Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 421–422, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqw058.
van der Doef, M. & Maes, S. (1999). The job-control (-support) model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work & Stress, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 87-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026783799296084
Van Yperen, N. W., & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do high job demands increase intrinsic motivation or fatigue or both? The role of job control and job social support. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 339-348. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040627
Verhoeven, C., Maes, S., Kraaij, V., & Joekes, K. (2003). The job-demand-control-social support model and wellness/health outcomes: A European study. Psychology and Health, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044031000147175
Zis, P., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Sykioti, P. (2014). Burnout in medical residents: A study based on the job demands-resources model. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, pp. 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/673279.
Published
2020-12-08
How to Cite
Odetunde, O. J. (2020). Job Demand-Control-Support Model: A Study of Nigerian Contract Bank Employees: Array. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, 17(1). Retrieved from https://dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/AUDOE/article/view/506
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Business Administration and Business Economics
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