Exploring Interdependence in Tourism Economic Development Ecosystems
Keywords:
South Africa; Ecosystem; Tourism; ResilienceAbstract
Ecosystems represent complex interrelated systems monitored by economic indicators. To maximise future desired economic performance, resilience within the economic ecosystem leads to its long-term sustainability. The aim of this article is to review how resilience could be achieved for a tourism economic ecosystem to disruptive change. Resilience is a concept that defines business and government’s ability to adapt to economic disruptive change. Resilience for tourism entails ensuring the sustainability of an economic ecosystem to delineate future growth of that destination. The research is descriptive and conceptual in nature, adopting a qualitative research approach. A map of a tourism ecosystem is proposed reliant on economic indicator interpretation to realistically put forward future economic development strategies that promote overall system resilience towards economic growth. Researchers with a specific interest in tourism ecosystems may find this paper useful in understanding the complexity of interpreting economic indicators to develop future economic growth opportunities.
References
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Miles, S. (2012). Stakeholders: Essentially contested or confused? Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 108, No. 3, pp. 285-298.
Molose, T.; Goldman, G. & Thomas, P. (2018). Towards a Collective-Values Framework of Ubuntu: Implications for Workplace Commitment. Entrepreneurial and Business Economics Review (EBER), Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 193-206.
Molose, T.; Thomas, P. & Goldman, G. (2019). A qualitative approach to developing measurement scales for the concept of Ubuntu. Acta Commercii- Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, [Online] Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 692.
Muriithi, S. M. (2017). African small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contributions, challenges and solutions. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 36-48.
Navickas, V. & Malakauskaite, A. (2009) The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. Engineering Economics, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 37-43.
Ndiaye, N.; Razak, L. A.; Nagayev, R. & Ng, A. (2018). Demystifying small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs) performance in emerging and developing economies. Borsa Istanbul Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 269-281.
Nkwinika, M. K. K. & Munzhedzi, P. E. (2016). The role of small medium enterprises in the implementation of local economic development in South Africa. Online. SAAPAM Limpopo Chapter 5th Annual Conference Proceedings 2016. Available from: http://ulspace. ul. ac. za/bitstream/handle/10386/1599/10%20Munzhedzi. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Nunkoo, R.; Teeroovengadum, V.; Thomas, P. & Leonard, L. (2017). Integrating service quality as a second-order factor in a customer satisfaction and loyalty model. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 2978-3005.
Okeke. A. N. (2018). The role of tourism entrepreneurship in poverty alleviation in Nigeria. NG - Journal of Social Development, Vol. 7, No. 1. http://www. arabianjbmr. com/pdfs/NGJSD_VOL_7_1/11. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Orchiston, C.; Prayag, G. & Brown, C. (2016). Organisational resilience in the tourism sector. Annals of Tourism Research, [Online] Vol. 56, pp. 145-148.
Payne, E. M.; Peltier, J. E. & Barger, V. A. (2017). Omni-channel marketing, integrated marketing communications and consumer engagement. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 185-197.
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Rogerson, C. M. (2018). Informal sector city tourism: Cross-border shoppers in Johannesburg. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 381-392.
Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique. Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Utrecht University School of Economics. Discussion Paper Series nr: 15-07. Available from: http://www. uu. nl/organisatie/utrecht-university-school-of-economics-use/onderzoek/publicaties/discussion-papers/2015 [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
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Soto-Acosta, P.; Popa, S. & Palacios-Marqués, D. (2016). E-business, organizational innovation and firm performance in manufacturing SMEs: An empirical study in Spain. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1-20.
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WEF (World Economic Forum). (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Available from: https://www. weforum. org/reports/the-travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2019 [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
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Yu, C. P.; Cole, S. T. & Chancellor, C. (2016). Assessing community quality of life in the context of tourism development. Applied Research in Quality of Life, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 147-162.
Ács, Z. J.; Szerb, L.; Lafuente, E. & Lloyd, A. (2018). The Global Entrepreneurship Index 2018. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute. Washington, D. C.: U. S. A.
Adeniran, T. V. & Johnston, K. A. (2011). Investigating the dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage of South African SMEs. African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 6, No. 11, pp. 4088-4099.
Alvedalena, J. & Boschma, R. (2017). A critical review of entrepreneurial ecosystems research: Towards a future research agenda. European Planning Studies, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 887-903.
Andereck, K. L. & Nyaupane, G. P. (2011). Exploring the nature of tourism and QOL perceptions among residents. Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 248-260.
Asheim, B. T.; Smith, H. L. & Oughton, C. (2011). Regional innovation systems: Theory, empirics and policy. Regional Studies, Vol. 45, No. 7, pp. 875-891.
AUDA-NEPAD (African Union Development Agency-New Partnership for Africa’s Development). (2019). Harnessing Africa’s engine of growth: The role of NEPAD the Tourism Action Plan. https://www. nepad. org/news/harnessing-africas-engine-growth-role-nepad-tourism-action-plan [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Auerswald, P. E. (2015). Enabling entrepreneurial ecosystems: Insights from ecology to inform effective entrepreneurship policy. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Available from: https://www. kauffman. org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/enabling_entrepreneurial_ecosystems. pdf, [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Auriacombe, C. (2016). Towards the construction of unobtrusive research techniques: critical considerations when conducting a literature analysis. African Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1-19.
Autio, E. & Rannikko, H. (2016). Retaining winners: Can policy boost high-growth entrepreneurship? Research Policy, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 42-55.
Autio, E.; Nambisan, S. & Thomas, L. D. W. (2017). Digital affordances, spatial affordances, and the genesis of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 72-95.
DTIC (Department of Trade, Industry and Competition). (2020). Trade, Industry and Competition on goods to be available to consumers through e-Commerce platforms during Alert level 4 Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown. Available from: https://www. gov. za/speeches/trade-industry-and-competition-goods-be-available-consumers-through-e-commerce-platforms-14, [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
de Salles Canfield, D. & Basso, K. (2017). Integrating satisfaction and cultural background in the customer journey: A method development and test. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 104-117.
Eklöf, J. A. & Westlund, A. H. (2000). The Pan-European customer satisfaction index programme - current work and the way ahead. Total Quality Management, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 1099-1106.
Fjose, S.; Grunfeld, L. A. & Green, C. (2010). SMEs and growth in sub-Sahara Africa: Identifying SME roles and obstacles to SME growth. MENON-Publication, 14/2010, pp. 1-28. Available from https://www. norfund. no/archive/Bilder/Publications/SME%20and%20growth%20MENON%20. pdf
Folke, C.; Carpenter, S. R.; Walker, B.; Scheffer, M.; Chapin, T. & Rockstrom, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, Vol. 15, No. 4, article 20.
Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: The Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 6-21.
Fornell, C.; Johnson, M. D.; Anderson, E. W.; Cha, J. & Bryant, B. E. (1996). The American customer satisfaction index: Nature, purpose, and findings. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 7-18.
Gamba, F. J. (2019). SME development policies of Tanzania and Rwanda: Comparability of policy presentation on focus, significance, challenges and participation. Journal of Development and Communication Studies, Vol. 6. No. 1, pp. 1-17 [Online].
Harrison, R. T. & Leitch, C. (2010). Voodoo institution or entrepreneurial university? Spin-off companies, the entrepreneurial system and regional development in the UK. Regional Studies, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 1241-1262.
Khoza, R. J. (2005). Let Africa lead: African transformational leadership for 21st century business, 1st Johannesburg: ed. Sunninghill. South Africa: Vezubuntu.
Kim, K.; Uysal, M. & Sirgy, M. J. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the QOL of community residents? Tourism Management, Vol. 36, pp. 527-540.
Mancini, J.; George, D. V. & Jorgensen, B. (2012). Relational tourism: Observations on families and travel. In M. Uysal, R. Perdue, and M. J. Sirgy (Eds. ). Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research: Enhancing the lives of tourists and residents of host communities, pp. 309–320. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Mafini, C.; Loury-Okoumba, V. W. & Pooe, D. R. I. (2016). Interrogating antecedents to SME supplier performance in a developing country. Southern African Business Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 259-285.
Manjokoto, C. & Ranga, D. (2017). Opportunities and challenges faced by women involved in informal cross-border trade in the city of Mutare during a prolonged economic crisis in Zimbabwe. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, Vol. 13, No. 1. pp. 25-39.
McCool, S. (2015). Sustainable tourism: Guiding fiction, social trap or path to resilience? In T. V. Singh (Ed. ). Challenges in tourism research, pp. 224–234. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Miles, S. (2012). Stakeholders: Essentially contested or confused? Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 108, No. 3, pp. 285-298.
Molose, T.; Goldman, G. & Thomas, P. (2018). Towards a Collective-Values Framework of Ubuntu: Implications for Workplace Commitment. Entrepreneurial and Business Economics Review (EBER), Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 193-206.
Molose, T.; Thomas, P. & Goldman, G. (2019). A qualitative approach to developing measurement scales for the concept of Ubuntu. Acta Commercii- Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, [Online] Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 692.
Muriithi, S. M. (2017). African small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contributions, challenges and solutions. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 36-48.
Navickas, V. & Malakauskaite, A. (2009) The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. Engineering Economics, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 37-43.
Ndiaye, N.; Razak, L. A.; Nagayev, R. & Ng, A. (2018). Demystifying small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs) performance in emerging and developing economies. Borsa Istanbul Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 269-281.
Nkwinika, M. K. K. & Munzhedzi, P. E. (2016). The role of small medium enterprises in the implementation of local economic development in South Africa. Online. SAAPAM Limpopo Chapter 5th Annual Conference Proceedings 2016. Available from: http://ulspace. ul. ac. za/bitstream/handle/10386/1599/10%20Munzhedzi. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Nunkoo, R.; Teeroovengadum, V.; Thomas, P. & Leonard, L. (2017). Integrating service quality as a second-order factor in a customer satisfaction and loyalty model. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 2978-3005.
Okeke. A. N. (2018). The role of tourism entrepreneurship in poverty alleviation in Nigeria. NG - Journal of Social Development, Vol. 7, No. 1. http://www. arabianjbmr. com/pdfs/NGJSD_VOL_7_1/11. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Orchiston, C.; Prayag, G. & Brown, C. (2016). Organisational resilience in the tourism sector. Annals of Tourism Research, [Online] Vol. 56, pp. 145-148.
Payne, E. M.; Peltier, J. E. & Barger, V. A. (2017). Omni-channel marketing, integrated marketing communications and consumer engagement. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 185-197.
Ranieri, R. & Ramos. R. A. (2013). Inclusive growth: Building up a concept. Working Paper Number 104. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. Available from: https://ipcig. org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper104. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Reynolds, M. & Holwell, S. (2010). Introducing systems approaches. Reynolds, M. and Holwell, S. eds. Systems Approaches to Managing Change: A Practical Guide. Chapter 1. London: Springer, pp. 1–23.
Reynolds, A.; Fourie, H. & Erasmus, L. (2019). A generic balanced scorecard for small and medium manufacturing enterprises in South Africa. The Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
Rogerson, C. M. (2018). Informal sector city tourism: Cross-border shoppers in Johannesburg. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 381-392.
Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique. Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Utrecht University School of Economics. Discussion Paper Series nr: 15-07. Available from: http://www. uu. nl/organisatie/utrecht-university-school-of-economics-use/onderzoek/publicaties/discussion-papers/2015 [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Stam, E. & van de Ven, A. (2018). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A Systems Perspective. Working Paper Series nr: 18-06. Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Utrecht University School of Economics. Available from: https://econpapers. repec. org/RePEc:use:tkiwps:1806 [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Soto-Acosta, P.; Popa, S. & Palacios-Marqués, D. (2016). E-business, organizational innovation and firm performance in manufacturing SMEs: An empirical study in Spain. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1-20.
TCCI Report. (2010). The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011. Available from: http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
TCCI Report. (2015). The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016. Available from: http://www3. weforum. org/docs/gcr/2015-2016/Global_Competitiveness_Report_2015-2016. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
TCCI Report. (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019: Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point. Available from: http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
TSA (Tourism Satellite Account). (2019). Tourism Satellite Account for South Africa, Economic Analysis: Final 2016 and provisional 2017 and 2018. Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: South Africa. Available from: http://www. statssa. gov. za/publications/Report-04-05-07/Report-04-05-072018. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
TSA (Tourism Satellite Account). (2010). Tourism 2010: Report No. 03-51-02 (2010). Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: South Africa. Available from: http://www. statssa. gov. za/publications/Report-03-51-02/Report-03-51-022010. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
TSA (Tourism Satellite Account). (2015). Tourism 2015: Report No. 03-51-02 (2015). Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: South Africa. Available from: http://www. statssa. gov. za/publications/Report-03-51-02/Report-03-51-022015. pdf [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organisation). (2020). Tourism - An economic and social phenomenon. Available from: http://www2. unwto. org/content/why-tourism [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Uysal, M.; Sirgy, M. J.; Woo, E. & Kim, H. L. (2016). QOL (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, Vol. 53, pp. 244-261.
WEF (World Economic Forum). (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Available from: https://www. weforum. org/reports/the-travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2019 [Last accessed 25 April, 2020].
Weidenfeld, A. & Leask, A. 2013. Exploring the relationship between visitor attractions and events: definitions and management factors. Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 552-569.
Yu, C. P.; Cole, S. T. & Chancellor, C. (2016). Assessing community quality of life in the context of tourism development. Applied Research in Quality of Life, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 147-162.
Published
2020-06-03
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Thomas, P. . (2020). Exploring Interdependence in Tourism Economic Development Ecosystems : Array. EuroEconomica, 39(2). Retrieved from https://dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/EE/article/view/302
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