Factors influencing the use of Management Accounting Practices among SMEs in emerging economies: A case of Zimbabwe
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the application of management accounting among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies using Zimbabwean SMEs as a case study. The paper observed that there is lack of evidence of research-based knowledge on the factors influencing the application of management accounting among SMEs in Zimbabwe. Prior Work: Prior studies have indicated a low uptake Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) among SMEs in developing economies. Moreover, there is paltry research-based knowledge on the factors influencing the application of MAPs among SMEs in Zimbabwe. Approach: Semi-structured interviews were used to obtain data from 88 participants. Data was interpreted using qualitative content analysis. Results: Socio-economic environment, availability of funds, costs and benefits associated with the usage of management accounting, size of the organization, qualifications of accounting personnel, financial literacy of SME owners, and technology are the key determinants, according to the study. Implications: The study recommends that SME owners need to be educated on the importance of having an in-house management accountant and those who are financially unable to hire can collaborate with management accountants as business partners. The Zimbabwean government, should provide government-sponsored management accounting training to SMEs, not only in tax compilation, bookkeeping, and entrepreneurship. Additionally, the government should attend to key fundamentals that will resuscitate the economy. SMEs can utilize integrated software solutions or Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, which can enable the implementation of various management accounting tools since they cannot afford to secure management accounting software. Value: The study identified factors that influence the use of MAPs by SMEs in Zimbabwe, made recommendations for enhancing their usage and filled a knowledge vacuum in the studied area.
References
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Ahmad, K. (2012). The Use of Management Accounting Practices in Malaysian SMEs. PhD Thesis, University of Exeter.
Ahmad, K. (2013). The Adoption of Management Accounting Practices in Malaysian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.
Ahmad, K. (2017). The Implementation of Management Accounting Practices and its Relationship with Performance in Small and Medium Enterprise. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), pp. 342-353.
Ahmad, K. (2017). The Implementation of Management Accounting Practices and its Relationship with Performance in Small and Medium Enterprise. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), pp. 342-353.
Albu, N., & Albu, C.N. 2012. Factors associated with the adoption and use of management accounting techniques in developing countries: The case of Romania. Journal of International Management and Accounting, 23(3): 245-276.
Ali Qalati, S.; Li, W.; Ahmed, N.; Ali Mirani, M.; Khan, A. 2021. Examining the Factors Affecting SME Performance: The Mediating Role of Social Media Adoption. Sustainability, 13(75): 1-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ su13010075
Amara, T., & Benelifa, S. 2017. The impact of external and internal factors on the management accounting practices. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(2): 46-58.
Anthony, R. N., & Govindarajan, V. 2007. Management control systems (12th edn.). Boston: McGrawHill.
Armitage, H. M., Webb, A. & Glynn, J. 2016. The use of management accounting techniques by small and medium-sized enterprises: a field study of Canadian and Australian practice. Accounting Perspectives, 15 (1): 31-69.
Asian Social Science, 10(2), pp. 1911-2025.
Azudin, A & Mansor N. 2018. Management accounting practices of SMEs: The impact of organizational DNA, business potential and operational technology, Asia Pacific Management Journal (23): 222-226.
Bäuml, N. 2014. The impact of Strategic Performance Management on SME performance, PhD Thesis, University of St. Gallen.
Bharati, P, & Chaudhury, A. 2015. SMEs and Competitiveness: The Role of Information Systems. International Journal of e-Business Research: 1-10.
Bomani, M., Fields, Z. & Derera, E. 2015. Historical Overview of Small and Medium Enterprise Policies in Zimbabwe, Journal of Social Sciences, 45(2): 113-129. DOI: 10.1080/09718923.2015.11893493
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, pp. 77–101.
Brown, A., Booth, P. & Giacobbe, F. 2004. Technological and Organizational Influences on the Adoption of activity-based costing in Australia. Accounting and Finance, 44(3): 329-356.
Cadez, S. & Guilding, C. 2008. An exploratory investigation of an integrated contingency model of strategic management accounting, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(7/8): 836-63.
Chenhall, R. & Langfield-Smith, K. (1998). Adoption and benefits of management accounting practices: an Austrailian study. Management Accounting Research, 9, pp. 1-19.
Dlamini, B & Schutte, DP. (2021). An Exploratory Study On the Usage of Management Accounting Practices among Small and Medium Enterprises in Zimbabwe. Journal of Accounting and Management,11(2): 116-128.
Dlamini, B. (2020). Insight on the use of management accounting practices among large manufacturing entities in Zimbabwe: A Case study of Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 4(2), pp. 32-37.
Domingo, R. (2017). Small business and entrepreneurship: Their role in economic and social development. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(2), 1–3.
Drury, C. 2012. Management and Cost Accounting. London: Cengage.
Gangata. K., & Matavire, E.H.M. 2013. Challenges facing SMEs in accessing finance from financial institutions: The case of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Applied Research and Studies, 2(7): 1-10.
Giotopoulos, I, Kontolaimou, A, Korra, E & Tsakanikas, A. 2017. What drives ICT adoption by SMEs? Evidence from a large-scale survey in Greece, Journal of Business Research 8(1): 60-69.
Gray, R. 2010. Is accounting for sustainability actually accounting for sustainability...and how would we know? An exploration of narratives of organisations and the planet. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 35: 47-62.
Grubic, T. & Peppard, J. 2016. Servitized Manufacturing Firms Competing Through Remote Monitoring Technology. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 27(2): 154-184.
Haldma, T. & Lääts, K. 2002. Contingencies influencing the management accounting practices of Estonian manufacturing companies, Management Accounting Research, 13: 379-400.
Hall, M. 2008. The effect of comprehensive performance measurement systems on role clarity, psychological empowerment and managerial performance. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33: 141-163
Helliker, K. & Murisa, T. 2020. Zimbabwe: continuities and changes, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 38(1): 5-17. DOI: 10.1080/02589001.2020.1746756.
Holmes, S. & Nicholls, D. 1998. Modelling the accounting information requirements of small businesses. Accounting and Business Research, 19(74): 143-150.
Hopper, T., Koga, T. & Goto, J. (1999). Cost accounting in small and medium sized Japanese companies: an exploratory study. Accounting and Business Research, 30(1):73-86.
Hoque, Z. & James, W. 2000. Linking size and market factors to balanced scorecards: impact on organisational performance, Journal of Management Accounting Research, (12): 1-17.
Hoque, Z. 2004. A contingency model of the association between strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance measurement: impact on organizational performance. International Business Review, 13: 485-502.
Hussain, A.R.M., Mohd-Sanusi, Z., Mahenthiran, S. & Hasnan, S. 2016. Management motives and firm financial misstatements in Malaysia, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(S4): 18-2.
Ipinnaiye, O., Dineen, D. & Lenihan, H. 2017. Drivers of SME performance: a holistic and multivariate approach, Small Business Economics, 48(4): 883-911.
Ismail, N.A. & King, M. 2007. Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms. Journal of Information Systems and Small Business, 1(1/2): 1-20.
Jamil, C.Z.M., Mohamed, R., Muhammad, F., & Ali, A. 2015. Environmental management accounting practices in small medium manufacturing firms. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172: 619-626.
Johnson, H.T. & Kaplan, R.S. 1987. Relevance Lost: The rise and fall of management accounting, Cambridge, M A: Harvard University Press.
Kamilah A. 2012. Factors Explaining the Extent of Use of Management Accounting Practices in Malaysian Medium Firms, Asean Entrepreneurship Conference: 101-110.
Kanyenze, G. Chitambara, P. & Tyson, J. 2017. The outlook for the Zimbabwean economy, Date of access: 12 Jul. 2019.
Karada, H. 2015. Financial Management Challenges In Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Strategic Management Approach, Emerging Markets Journal, 5(1): 26-40.
Kithae, P. P., Kimani, J.G.T. & Mburia, N. (2013). Hindrances to the growth of youth led micro and small agri-businesses in Kenya. American Journal of Research Communication, 1(12), pp. 339-352.
Kober, R, Ng, J., & Paul, B.J. 2007. The interrelationship between management control mechanisms and strategy. Management Accounting Research. (18): 425-452.
Lucas M.; Prowle M. & Lowth G. (2013). Management Accounting Practices of (UK) Small-Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Improving SME performance through Management. Accounting Education. Chartered Institute of Management Accounting, 9(4), pp. 1-14.
Manyani, O. (2014). An investigation into venture financing. A case study of Small to Medium Scale Enterprises in Bindura urban, Zimbabwe (2013-2014). Elite Research Journal of Accounting and Business Management, 2(2), pp. 10-25.
Maseko N. & Munyani, O. (2011). Accounting Practices of SMES in Zimbabwe: An Investigative Study of Record Keeping for Performance Measurement (A Case Study of Bindura). Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 13(8), pp. 171-181.
Mhizha, A. 2014 Strategic Management Practices and Challenges: The Case of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Harare. PhD Thesis, University of Zimbabwe.
Mitchell, F. & Reid, G. (2000). Problems, Challenges, and Opportunities: Small Business as a Setting for Management Accounting Research. Management Accounting Research, 11(4), pp. 385-390.
Msomi, M.P., Ngibe, M. & Nyide, C.J. 2019. Factors influencing the adoption of management accounting practices (maps) by manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(4): 1-19.
Nair, S. & Nian, S.Y. 2017. Factors Affecting Management Accounting Practices in Malaysia, International Journal of Business and Management, 12(10): 177-184.
Nandan, R. 2010. Management Accounting Needs of SMEs and the Role of Professional Accountants: A Renewed Research Agenda. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 8 (1): 65-78.
Neneh, N.B. 2018. Family-work Conflict and Performance of Women-owned Enterprises: The Role of Social Capital in Developing Countries-Implications for South Africa and beyond. Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(6): 326-343.
Ng, H.S. & Kee, D.M.H. 2018. The core competence of successful owner-managed SMEs. Management Decision, 56(1). DOI: 10.1108/MD-12-2016-0877.
Nishimura, A. 2005. Management Accounting: Feed forward and Asian perspectives. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nyanga, T.; Zirima, H.; Mupani, H.; Chifamba, E. & Mashavira, N. (2013). Survival of the vulnerable: Strategies employed by small to medium enterprises in Zimbabwe to survive an economic crisis. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 15(6).
Olarewaju, O., Mbambo, M. & Ngiba, B. 2020. Effects of inflation accounting on organizational decisions and financial performance in South African retail stores. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(4), 85-95. doi:10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.08.
Phan, T.N., Baird, K. & Su, S. 2017. The use and effectiveness of environmental management accounting, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 24(4): 355-374.
RBZ. (2016). Developmental SME projects intervention to support the youth, women and other disadvantaged groups. Harare: RBZ.
Robbins, P.S. 1990. Organizational Theory: Structure Design. And Applications, N.J: P/Hall.
Senftlechner, D., & Hiebl, M. R. W. 2015. Management accounting and management control in family businesses: Past accomplishments and future opportunities. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 11(4): 573-606.
Shahzadi, S., Khan, R., Toor, M. & Haq, A. 2018. Impact of external and internal factors on management accounting practices: a study of Pakistan, Asian Journal of Accounting Research 3(2): 211-223.
Sibanda, V. & Makwata, R. 2017. Zimbabwe post-independence economic policies : A Critical Review.
Sulaiman, M.B., Nazli Nik Ahmad, N. & Alwi, N. 2004. Management accounting practices in selected Asian countries: a review of the literature, Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(4): 493-508.
Thong, J.Y.L., Yap, C.S. & Raman, K.S. 1996. Top management support, external expertise and information systems implementation in small businesses, Information Systems Research, 7(2): 248-267.
Uyar, M. 2019. The management accounting and the business strategy development at SMEs, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(1): 1-10.
Van-Nguyen, H. & Brooks, A. 1997. An empirical investigation of adoption issues relating to activity-based costing. Asian Accounting Review, 5: 1-18.
World Bank, 2020. Macro Poverty Outlook, Country by country analysis and projections for the developing world. www.worldbank.org/mpo/dataset/ Date of access: 20 Oct. 2020.
Zabri, K.A.S.M. 2015. Factors explaining the use of management accounting practices in Malaysian medium-sized firms, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(4): 762-781.
Ahmad, K. (2012). The Use of Management Accounting Practices in Malaysian SMEs. PhD Thesis, University of Exeter.
Ahmad, K. (2013). The Adoption of Management Accounting Practices in Malaysian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.
Ahmad, K. (2017). The Implementation of Management Accounting Practices and its Relationship with Performance in Small and Medium Enterprise. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), pp. 342-353.
Ahmad, K. (2017). The Implementation of Management Accounting Practices and its Relationship with Performance in Small and Medium Enterprise. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), pp. 342-353.
Albu, N., & Albu, C.N. 2012. Factors associated with the adoption and use of management accounting techniques in developing countries: The case of Romania. Journal of International Management and Accounting, 23(3): 245-276.
Ali Qalati, S.; Li, W.; Ahmed, N.; Ali Mirani, M.; Khan, A. 2021. Examining the Factors Affecting SME Performance: The Mediating Role of Social Media Adoption. Sustainability, 13(75): 1-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ su13010075
Amara, T., & Benelifa, S. 2017. The impact of external and internal factors on the management accounting practices. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(2): 46-58.
Anthony, R. N., & Govindarajan, V. 2007. Management control systems (12th edn.). Boston: McGrawHill.
Armitage, H. M., Webb, A. & Glynn, J. 2016. The use of management accounting techniques by small and medium-sized enterprises: a field study of Canadian and Australian practice. Accounting Perspectives, 15 (1): 31-69.
Asian Social Science, 10(2), pp. 1911-2025.
Azudin, A & Mansor N. 2018. Management accounting practices of SMEs: The impact of organizational DNA, business potential and operational technology, Asia Pacific Management Journal (23): 222-226.
Bäuml, N. 2014. The impact of Strategic Performance Management on SME performance, PhD Thesis, University of St. Gallen.
Bharati, P, & Chaudhury, A. 2015. SMEs and Competitiveness: The Role of Information Systems. International Journal of e-Business Research: 1-10.
Bomani, M., Fields, Z. & Derera, E. 2015. Historical Overview of Small and Medium Enterprise Policies in Zimbabwe, Journal of Social Sciences, 45(2): 113-129. DOI: 10.1080/09718923.2015.11893493
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, pp. 77–101.
Brown, A., Booth, P. & Giacobbe, F. 2004. Technological and Organizational Influences on the Adoption of activity-based costing in Australia. Accounting and Finance, 44(3): 329-356.
Cadez, S. & Guilding, C. 2008. An exploratory investigation of an integrated contingency model of strategic management accounting, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(7/8): 836-63.
Chenhall, R. & Langfield-Smith, K. (1998). Adoption and benefits of management accounting practices: an Austrailian study. Management Accounting Research, 9, pp. 1-19.
Dlamini, B & Schutte, DP. (2021). An Exploratory Study On the Usage of Management Accounting Practices among Small and Medium Enterprises in Zimbabwe. Journal of Accounting and Management,11(2): 116-128.
Dlamini, B. (2020). Insight on the use of management accounting practices among large manufacturing entities in Zimbabwe: A Case study of Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 4(2), pp. 32-37.
Domingo, R. (2017). Small business and entrepreneurship: Their role in economic and social development. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(2), 1–3.
Drury, C. 2012. Management and Cost Accounting. London: Cengage.
Gangata. K., & Matavire, E.H.M. 2013. Challenges facing SMEs in accessing finance from financial institutions: The case of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Applied Research and Studies, 2(7): 1-10.
Giotopoulos, I, Kontolaimou, A, Korra, E & Tsakanikas, A. 2017. What drives ICT adoption by SMEs? Evidence from a large-scale survey in Greece, Journal of Business Research 8(1): 60-69.
Gray, R. 2010. Is accounting for sustainability actually accounting for sustainability...and how would we know? An exploration of narratives of organisations and the planet. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 35: 47-62.
Grubic, T. & Peppard, J. 2016. Servitized Manufacturing Firms Competing Through Remote Monitoring Technology. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 27(2): 154-184.
Haldma, T. & Lääts, K. 2002. Contingencies influencing the management accounting practices of Estonian manufacturing companies, Management Accounting Research, 13: 379-400.
Hall, M. 2008. The effect of comprehensive performance measurement systems on role clarity, psychological empowerment and managerial performance. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33: 141-163
Helliker, K. & Murisa, T. 2020. Zimbabwe: continuities and changes, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 38(1): 5-17. DOI: 10.1080/02589001.2020.1746756.
Holmes, S. & Nicholls, D. 1998. Modelling the accounting information requirements of small businesses. Accounting and Business Research, 19(74): 143-150.
Hopper, T., Koga, T. & Goto, J. (1999). Cost accounting in small and medium sized Japanese companies: an exploratory study. Accounting and Business Research, 30(1):73-86.
Hoque, Z. & James, W. 2000. Linking size and market factors to balanced scorecards: impact on organisational performance, Journal of Management Accounting Research, (12): 1-17.
Hoque, Z. 2004. A contingency model of the association between strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance measurement: impact on organizational performance. International Business Review, 13: 485-502.
Hussain, A.R.M., Mohd-Sanusi, Z., Mahenthiran, S. & Hasnan, S. 2016. Management motives and firm financial misstatements in Malaysia, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(S4): 18-2.
Ipinnaiye, O., Dineen, D. & Lenihan, H. 2017. Drivers of SME performance: a holistic and multivariate approach, Small Business Economics, 48(4): 883-911.
Ismail, N.A. & King, M. 2007. Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms. Journal of Information Systems and Small Business, 1(1/2): 1-20.
Jamil, C.Z.M., Mohamed, R., Muhammad, F., & Ali, A. 2015. Environmental management accounting practices in small medium manufacturing firms. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172: 619-626.
Johnson, H.T. & Kaplan, R.S. 1987. Relevance Lost: The rise and fall of management accounting, Cambridge, M A: Harvard University Press.
Kamilah A. 2012. Factors Explaining the Extent of Use of Management Accounting Practices in Malaysian Medium Firms, Asean Entrepreneurship Conference: 101-110.
Kanyenze, G. Chitambara, P. & Tyson, J. 2017. The outlook for the Zimbabwean economy, Date of access: 12 Jul. 2019.
Karada, H. 2015. Financial Management Challenges In Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Strategic Management Approach, Emerging Markets Journal, 5(1): 26-40.
Kithae, P. P., Kimani, J.G.T. & Mburia, N. (2013). Hindrances to the growth of youth led micro and small agri-businesses in Kenya. American Journal of Research Communication, 1(12), pp. 339-352.
Kober, R, Ng, J., & Paul, B.J. 2007. The interrelationship between management control mechanisms and strategy. Management Accounting Research. (18): 425-452.
Lucas M.; Prowle M. & Lowth G. (2013). Management Accounting Practices of (UK) Small-Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Improving SME performance through Management. Accounting Education. Chartered Institute of Management Accounting, 9(4), pp. 1-14.
Manyani, O. (2014). An investigation into venture financing. A case study of Small to Medium Scale Enterprises in Bindura urban, Zimbabwe (2013-2014). Elite Research Journal of Accounting and Business Management, 2(2), pp. 10-25.
Maseko N. & Munyani, O. (2011). Accounting Practices of SMES in Zimbabwe: An Investigative Study of Record Keeping for Performance Measurement (A Case Study of Bindura). Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 13(8), pp. 171-181.
Mhizha, A. 2014 Strategic Management Practices and Challenges: The Case of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Harare. PhD Thesis, University of Zimbabwe.
Mitchell, F. & Reid, G. (2000). Problems, Challenges, and Opportunities: Small Business as a Setting for Management Accounting Research. Management Accounting Research, 11(4), pp. 385-390.
Msomi, M.P., Ngibe, M. & Nyide, C.J. 2019. Factors influencing the adoption of management accounting practices (maps) by manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(4): 1-19.
Nair, S. & Nian, S.Y. 2017. Factors Affecting Management Accounting Practices in Malaysia, International Journal of Business and Management, 12(10): 177-184.
Nandan, R. 2010. Management Accounting Needs of SMEs and the Role of Professional Accountants: A Renewed Research Agenda. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 8 (1): 65-78.
Neneh, N.B. 2018. Family-work Conflict and Performance of Women-owned Enterprises: The Role of Social Capital in Developing Countries-Implications for South Africa and beyond. Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(6): 326-343.
Ng, H.S. & Kee, D.M.H. 2018. The core competence of successful owner-managed SMEs. Management Decision, 56(1). DOI: 10.1108/MD-12-2016-0877.
Nishimura, A. 2005. Management Accounting: Feed forward and Asian perspectives. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nyanga, T.; Zirima, H.; Mupani, H.; Chifamba, E. & Mashavira, N. (2013). Survival of the vulnerable: Strategies employed by small to medium enterprises in Zimbabwe to survive an economic crisis. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 15(6).
Olarewaju, O., Mbambo, M. & Ngiba, B. 2020. Effects of inflation accounting on organizational decisions and financial performance in South African retail stores. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(4), 85-95. doi:10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.08.
Phan, T.N., Baird, K. & Su, S. 2017. The use and effectiveness of environmental management accounting, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 24(4): 355-374.
RBZ. (2016). Developmental SME projects intervention to support the youth, women and other disadvantaged groups. Harare: RBZ.
Robbins, P.S. 1990. Organizational Theory: Structure Design. And Applications, N.J: P/Hall.
Senftlechner, D., & Hiebl, M. R. W. 2015. Management accounting and management control in family businesses: Past accomplishments and future opportunities. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 11(4): 573-606.
Shahzadi, S., Khan, R., Toor, M. & Haq, A. 2018. Impact of external and internal factors on management accounting practices: a study of Pakistan, Asian Journal of Accounting Research 3(2): 211-223.
Sibanda, V. & Makwata, R. 2017. Zimbabwe post-independence economic policies : A Critical Review.
Sulaiman, M.B., Nazli Nik Ahmad, N. & Alwi, N. 2004. Management accounting practices in selected Asian countries: a review of the literature, Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(4): 493-508.
Thong, J.Y.L., Yap, C.S. & Raman, K.S. 1996. Top management support, external expertise and information systems implementation in small businesses, Information Systems Research, 7(2): 248-267.
Uyar, M. 2019. The management accounting and the business strategy development at SMEs, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(1): 1-10.
Van-Nguyen, H. & Brooks, A. 1997. An empirical investigation of adoption issues relating to activity-based costing. Asian Accounting Review, 5: 1-18.
World Bank, 2020. Macro Poverty Outlook, Country by country analysis and projections for the developing world. www.worldbank.org/mpo/dataset/ Date of access: 20 Oct. 2020.
Zabri, K.A.S.M. 2015. Factors explaining the use of management accounting practices in Malaysian medium-sized firms, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(4): 762-781.
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Dlamini, B. (2022). Factors influencing the use of Management Accounting Practices among SMEs in emerging economies: A case of Zimbabwe: Array. The Journal of Accounting and Management, 12(2). Retrieved from https://dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/JAM/article/view/1657
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