Abstract: This study addresses responsibility to protect and the challenges of displaced men in Nigeria. It argues that the challenges facing displaced people in Nigeria as a result of Boko Haram, natural and man-made disasters, as well as the Hausa-Fulani Mayhem are peculiar to all the IDPs irrespective of demographic disparities. It employs the use of qualitative and quantitative research methods drawing data from primary and secondary sources. Administering 256 questionnaires to men within the IDPs camp accompany with well structured interviews and focus group discussions with displaced men in Durumi Area 1 IDP camp Abuja. Secondary sources of data reviews existing literature from journals, online articles, and research projects. Findings show that the challenges of the men population ranging from starvation, water, hunger, electricity, accommodation shortages and lack of sustainable occupation foretell serious human security threats for the country. The study proposes relevant policies for government and other related agencies working with the IDPs; while, concluding that government should collaborate with individuals and organizations in providing vocational skills, that will help alleviate their plights.

Keywords: Responsibility to Protect; Internally Displaced Persons; Boko Haram Conflict

According to Kofi Annan, the former United Nations (UN) Secretary General, Internally Displaced Persons are the most vulnerable of the human family, with displacement seen as ‘the greatest tragedy of our time’ facing the global system and the state (Fenella, 2016). Citizens bear the consequences of insurgency, internal conflicts and natural disaster and are left to live a life they never bargained or planned for hence, they bear the title of Internally Displaced Persons in their land of origin.

Displacement is an occurrence that takes people from their social, educational, economic, and cultural environment and makes them homeless within their country. Internal displacement as a term has always been in existence and it became imperative as a concern for global society post Second World War. The violations of displaced persons rights arise mostly from intra-state wars around the world have become dominant after the cold war ended (Olanrewaju, Omotoso & Alabi, 2018). From the time the Cold War ended Africa has witnessed series of conflicts that has led to millions of displaced persons in the continent. Even though Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa was not touched by the immediate consequences of the end of the Cold War, but the recent upsurge in internal displacement necessitated by the Boko Haram insurgency and Hausa Fulani mayhem have brought about thousands of displacement in Nigeria. The endless surge in internal conflicts is particularly disturbing knowing the enormous loss of lives, the destruction of public and private infrastructures, made people homeless has been a recurring phenomenon in the country (Olanrewaju, Omotoso & Alabi, 2018).

The total official number of IDPs on record that Boko Haram displaced in 2013 alone was 300,000 people, who absconded from Adamawa, Yobe and Borno. Again, in 2013, 470,500 people were also made homeless in some communities because of Boko Haram insurgency and other humanitarian emergencies (Itumo & Nwefuru, 2016). However, statistics that are available show that Nigeria has the largest figure of internally displaced persons in Africa projected at 3.3 million persons in 2014 (Oduwole & Fadeyis, 2016). This figure also involves persons who were displaced by Boko Haram, as well as victims of flood, communal conflicts and clashes between Fulani herdsmen and farmers in the country. Nigeria is ranked behind Syria, with 6.5 million IDPs, and Colombia, with 5.7 million in the world (Itumo and Nwefuru, 2016). In 2015, an assessment by ‘Displacement Tracking Matrix’ (DTM) set up by Internal Migration Organisation (IOM) observed about 1.5 million displaced persons in Borno, Gombe, Taraba, Adamawa, Bauchi, and Yobe with ninety-four percent of the cases caused by Boko Haram while six percent by inter-communal clashes. NEMA recorded additional figures of about fifty thousand in Plateau, Kaduna, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), and Nasarawa in February, 2015 (Cited in Itumo & Nwefuru, 2016).

As a result of this new challenge facing the continent, African leaders at the Kampala Convention, in 2009, drew inspiration from the United Nations Convention on policies guiding internally displaced persons. One of the guiding principles stressed at the convention was that it is the duty of states to be responsible in assisting and protecting IDPs within their territory (Ekpa & Dahlan, 2016). It was on this note that Nigeria formulated the National Policy on IDPs in 2012 as a manifestation of particular concern which is geared to responding to their human rights needs (Ezeanokwasa, Okaphor & Kalu, 2018) although the national policy is yet to be incorporated into domestic laws. This brought about Nigeria’s government R2P IDPs.

The concept of R2P is political obligations that was recognized by various countries who have pledge their commitment at the UN in 2005 Global Summit in order to tackle its four key concerns to put a stop to crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and war crimes (Arbour, 2008). R2P became a top priority in the UN when crimes against humanity occurred in countries like Rwanda and Yugoslavia. It was the duty of the UN to intervene by virtue of R2P citizens from massive killings by not considering state sovereignty when there is the issue of serious crimes against humanity. However, for the purpose of this study, R2P is used to refer to the government’s Responsibility to Protect IDPs in Nigeria.

In essence, Nigeria being a signatory to the United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) agreement on protecting citizens against crimes on humanity has the sole Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Internally Displaced Persons within its territory by providing the basic needs and protecting its citizens. Boko Haram insurgency, herdsmen killings and natural disasters, like flooding have been a threat to the properties of citizens and their lives in Nigeria. The lives, homes and properties of people have been lost and no access to quality life as a result of these security challenges facing the country.

Interestingly, one recurrent theme in contemporary literature on IDPs is the focus on the elderly, children and women popularly known as the ‘vulnerable groups’ in conflict theatre. Literatures and volumes have written on the protection and needs of women, children and the aged, while no substantial priority has been placed on studying the challenges of displacement on men. This is attributed to the general impression that men are strong and able to take care of themselves in any situation whereas children, women, and the elderly are seen as the most helpless in conflict and post conflict situations. However, the men population of the IDPs has also been known to suffer serious consequences as victims of conflicts. Examples abound to validate this point in cases of robbery, child-soldiers, drug-addiction, post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), mental illnesses, loss of jobs and other forms of insecurity, and several other challenges that internally displaced men grapple with (Ezeanokwasa, Okaphor & Kalu, 2018).

It is on this note the study investigates the challenges of the men as IDPs in Nigeria; it seeks to fill this major gap in literature by undertaking an empirical research on the challenges IDPs men faced in Nigeria, using the Durumi Area One Camp in Abuja, FCT as the case study. It will also consider how the government in Nigeria has upheld its R2P IDPs, especially the men category.

Researchers like Enwereji (2009) espoused that when violent conflict occurs, Internally Displaced Persons are open to various forms of needs and vulnerability. The most troubling is the shock experienced by these people who are not properly protected by government agencies. This makes their situations even more worrying when weighed alongside the background of the reality that those IDPs are mainly the youth and ‘vulnerable groups’ that is women, children, and the elderly. Literatures that exist only discuss the challenges of the ‘vulnerable groups’ while no considerable attention has been placed on the challenges of displaced men.

Nigeria, like other places in the world, has not placed emphasis on the issues concerning the challenges of men as IDPs and this is a problem because displaced men could get involved in crime. Many may join terrorist groups like Boko Haram or the Fulani herdsmen in order to feel protected and cater for their families and their human needs. Men in IDP camps could become addicted to drugs and alcohol and even become pickpockets or drug dealers. It could also lead to psychological distress, sometimes leading to mental health disorders.

The incapability of the men to meet up with their obligations as providers and protectors of their families during situations of conflict forces them to lose their family status and challenges their masculinity. When women earn more income than their male counterparts, the role gender plays may change, as this may affect the sexual desire and personal relationship among women and men. Generally, the consequence of this is the loss of power by IDPs men in been able to control their families. The lack of concentrated studies on the effect of displacement on men has necessitated this study’s interrogation of the plights of internally displaced men in Nigeria.

It is against the backdrop of the problem, the study has attempted to pose the following questions:

This general research objective seeks to evaluate Responsibility to Protect (R2P), to what extent has the Nigerian government implemented its R2P displaced men and how has the implementation addressed the challenges of displaced men in Nigeria between 2009 and 2019. The following specific objectives are expected to be achieved:

The research covers Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and the challenges of displaced men in Nigeria between 2009 and 2019. The research will be conducted in Durumi’s Area One Camp Abuja. The timeframe for this study was chosen because the camp is more broadly representative of the diverse groups of persons from the North-east who as a result of terrorism have been adversely affected, Hausa Fulani mayhem and other forms of natural disasters. Boko Haram however, has been the major contributor for the alarming rate of IDPs in Nigeria. Although, the sect existed before the chosen time frame but they exhibited no violence. However, it was from 2009 it began its violent attacks on civilians and since then millions of Nigerians have been displaced. However, the government of Nigeria, singed the Kampala Convention agreement in 2009, has not done much in assisting displaced men in Nigeria and this informs the reason for the time frame of this study.

Globally, there exists various publications on Internally Displaced Persons but they are basically anchored on the challenges of women, children and the aged. In existence also is an avalanche of literature that focus on how the state agencies have contributed to the welfare of these displaced persons in various camps. This research is therefore imperative since it is going to fill a gap in knowledge and create awareness to the challenges displaced men face in Nigeria and how the state, through its mechanism of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), has catered for the needs of men.

This work is beneficial to future research students who would want to carry out studies involving IDPs, humanitarian organizations, responsible for the needs of IDPs and the government. This will enable government to implement polices to mitigate the plights of displaced men in Nigeria, and further create ways to resolve or improve on those challenges.

Given the nature of this research, it is significant to outline the essential concepts employed in the study.

Responsibility to Protect also known as (R2P) is a political commitment that seeks to end worst forms of violence and persecution faced by populations who are faced with threat of genocide, ethnic cleansing, crime against humanity, and war crimes (Cohen, 2010). R2P doctrine is a principle that also seeks individual states to defend their people from crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and war crimes. The importance of the concept R2P is not resting on international conventions or on mandates. Instead, it plays out itself in responding to wants… (Feller, 2006). From the above, it shows that individual states government should protect their citizens from armed conflict which also means that internally displaced people have been made to flee their home due to insurgency should be protected by their state government.

As Mooney (2005) simply puts it, responsibility to protect and assistance remains within the borders of IDPs country which means their national government bears the core responsibility in assisting and protecting IDPs. This is acknowledged in global principles, namely Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which most states and the global community consented to. According to Mooney (2005) protecting IDPs is the core responsibility of their own state government and not the duty of a foreign government. Hence the affected state where natural disaster or conflict occurred has the primary responsibility in the implementation of organization, initiation, coordination, and humanitarian assistance, within its territory. Arbour (2008) contends that if it is called responsibility to protect or call it something else, national government have the responsibility in international law with reference to the citizens in their national boundary to protect them against any form of inhuman treatment.

From the above concept of R2P, it is evident that national government has the mandate of protecting its citizens from ethnic cleansing, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the overall safety of every individual in that country but when the home government fails to protect its citizens a foreign government can intervene.

Presently, there is no global acceptance of the concept of displaced persons. Nevertheless, there exists the UN working definition of IDPs. According to the UN, IDPs under international law are those people or individuals who were forced to leave their place or homes as a consequence of or to avoid the outcome of arm struggle, occasions of widespread hostility, man-made disaster, or human rights violations, and have remained within their country’s boundary as displaced persons (Akuto, 2017).

While at the African Union (AU) Convention for the Assistance and Protection of IDPs (Kampala Convention, 2009), IDPs were conceptualized as groups or individuals who have been made to flee their homes of habitation in order to avoid the consequences, circumstances of generalized violence, human made disasters or conflict, and who have not crossed its state borders (AU, 2009). Itumo and Nwefuru (2016) extended the notion of IDPs by including those that are displaced by development projects. Often times, global aids are focused on people that are displaced by disasters rather than for victims of development. Internally displaced persons benefit from legal protection of international human rights law and international humanitarian law in occasions of armed conflict and by virtue of the fact that they are displaced from their residences, they are vulnerable to human rights abuses and poverty. For Lenshie and Yenda (2016), displaced persons are people who are homeless within their geographical location. As a result of this, they suffer serious consequences since they have no source of income, such as trade and agriculture, due to violence which resulted from disaster or conflict due to human or natural factor.

According to UNHCR (2013), displacement is the forced relocation, movement or evacuation of people or group of individuals within an internationally recognised state border. The concept displacement has no legal status as refugee. The term is just a description of individual’s factual circumstance. IDP applies to any individual who is forced to flee his place of residence, in spite of cause, but remains under the jurisdiction of his state. In Akuto’s (2017) view, IDPs as people who were displaced by conflict or natural disaster from their habitual residence and have not gone beyond the national borders of a country. They happen to be victims of various kinds of violent confrontations carried out by their own governments, in form of injustices against them. While Umar, Abideen and Yusuf (2018), IDPs are those forced to vacate their places of residence and means of lively-hood but still live within their country going through violent internal conflicts. Adamu and Rasheed (2016) argued that displaced persons are people who were forced to vacate their places of habitual residence, to avoid situations of generalized violence, natural disasters or armed conflicts and who have not left their country to another.

The internally displaced persons are a category displaced within a geographical location. Because of the displacement, they suffer several consequences as the means of their livelihood, such as agriculture and trade are dashed out as a result of violent conflicts or disaster, which could be as a result of a consequence of human or natural factor. The internally displaced persons are a category displaced within a geographical location. Because of the displacement, they suffer several consequences as the means of their livelihood, such as agriculture and trade are dashed out as a result of violent conflicts or disaster, which could be as a result of a consequence of human or natural factor.

According to Jelili and Olanrewaju (2016), displaced people are forced to leave their homes as a result of armed conflict, occasions of generalised aggression, natural or manmade disaster. Akanmu, Ogunsesan, Omotosho and Adejare (2016), conceptualised internally displaced persons as groups or persons due to organized internal strife, armed conflict , human rights violations, or manmade or natural disasters are made to flee their homes unexpectedly, to an unknown location but are still within their state border. Abdulrahman and Zuwaira (2016), internally displaced persons are a group of people forced to leave their place of residence in order to or as a result of avoiding the consequences of human made or natural disaster, situations of generalized violence violations of human rights and armed conflict, who because of these challenges have not crossed its state borders. Also Oduwole and Fadeyi (2013) defined IDPs as people or group of persons who flee their places of residence due to floods, situations of mass violations of human rights, armed conflicts, earthquakes, and other natural disasters for protection and safety without living their country of origin. Gwadabe, Salleh, Ahmad and Jamil (2018), observed that IDPs are individuals who are uprooted from their places of residence to other parts of their country due to natural or manmade induced causes. According to Letswa and Isyaku (2018), internal displacement are persons who left their homes due to violent conflict but look for a temporary settlement within the territory of their state. Internally displaced persons however are different from refugee which people use randomly. The difference between internal displaced persons and refugees is that IDPs are displaced from their homes and settle with their country while refugees flee outside their country’s border and are protected by international law.

The concept of internally displaced persons is all encompassing and shows that people may flee their residence when there is conflict to a place that is safe to avoid them losing their lives or properties. Robinson (2003), in his own contribution to the concept of IDPs using the approach of international law refer to IDPs as people obliged to flee their residence owing to staving and as a result of the effect of generalized violence, manmade or natural disaster to another location within their borders considered relatively safe. Robinson, went further by stating that though IDPs are often seen as those evacuated by conflict, human made disaster, human rights violation, he expanded the scope by including persons who are also displaced by development projects. Often times supports go basically to those displaced due to natural disaster than those displaced based on developmental projects. Mohammed (2017), internally displaced persons unlike refugees are those who did not cross an international border but remained within the borders of their country. Nsude and Nwanchor (2017) views internal displacement as when people flee their residence involuntarily for protection and see them-selves in areas that were not originally their homes where they are made to live in terrible conditions within their country of origin.

Mmahi (2016) refers to IDPs as people who fled their homes for safety due to circumstances beyond their control. Mmahi (2016), further expanded the concept of internally displaced people as those who have been forced to leave where they live in other to avoid the consequences of violations of human rights, generalised violence be it natural or manmade, armed conflicts and are still within their country of origin. The concept of IDPs by Mmahi suggests the unintentional movement of persons who flee from their place of residence because of violent conflict but remained within their country of origin. It also showed that various reasons abound for why people move to other locations for safety purposes. These include insurgency, violations of human rights, inter-communal clashes, armed conflict, and human made and natural disasters etc. However, the above concept of IDPs does not apply to those people who relocated from their place of residence on their own to other regions of their country in quest for better livelihood due to economic difficulties.

It is well-known that armed conflict between states or non-state actors; generalized violence, man-made disasters, climate change, ethno-religious clashes, insurgency, natural disasters and developmental projects are general causes or reasons for Internal displacement in Nigeria (Adamu and Rasheed 2016). It is on this note the reasons for displacement will be discussed.

Odusanya (2016), views the reasons for internal displacement often as a result of terrorism, insurgency, genocide, wars, persecution and political instability. According to the UNs office for the coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, view that Boko Haram renewed attacks in 2009, more than twenty thousand people have lost their lives, countless girls and women have been abducted and children taken as suicide bombers. Oriakhi and Osemwengie, (2012), both observed that assaults conceded by insurgency in Nigeria has brought about the destruction of properties amounting to billions of naira, loss of lives, income to mention, loss of investment, and infrastructural damage etc... Also, UNOCHA espoused that up to 2.5 million persons have absconded from their places of residence, over 2 million are internally displaced and about 200 thousand have gone to neighbouring countries of Chad, Niger and Cameroon as immigrants (Theresa, Okoli, & Uroko, 2017).

Over 3 million persons are internally displaced in Nigeria out of which about 900 thousand are from north east. The population represent 10percent and 3^rd of the internally displaced persons in the world behind Syria with 6.5 million and Colombia with 5.7 million and the largest population of conflict IDPs in Africa (Hansen, 2016). Boko Haram in 2011 appeared on the world map and from then, the attacks of this group have brought about serious injuries and hardship to people’s lives and belongings in the North. The insurgency attacks include bombings, kidnapping, thefts, killings and destruction of places of academic learning, businesses and homes. The terrorist group also took over many villages by declaring it “sovereign state” (Hassan, 2016).

In 2015, about thirty million persons were displaced internally and when translated it means sixty-six thousand people were displaced on a daily basis. IDPs are seen in countries of Iraq, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), South Sudan, Sudan, Nigeria, Columbia, Kenya and Syria. In 2015 alone about five million (Odusanya, 2016) persons were displaced internally in Syria due to the country’s civil war. IDMC estimated the IDPs in Nigeria for 2015 to be over two million and this occurred in 13 states and covering twenty-seven local government areas. However, this does not include situations of those displaced due to communal clashes involving famers and herdsmen (Odusanya, 2016). The killings by the Hausa-Fulani Herdsmen are also responsible for displacement in Nigeria. As a result of their killings Nigeria took the position of the 3^rd most terrorized country in the world (Ludovica, 2015). They are believed to have taken the lives of over one thousand persons in 2014 alone (Ludovica, 2015), and over seven hundred killed in the first quarter of 2015.

A more recent event of the herdsmen was in Southern Kaduna which left a lot of people killed and displaced (Theresa; Okoli & Uroko, 2017) it shows that the assaults by the Fulani men in Southern Kaduna villages have been recurring in the last five years. More so, Moses (2016, cited in Theresa; Okoli; and Uroko, 2017), stated that on the eve of Christmas, 2016, Fulani herdsmen attacked Goska in Southern Kaduna burning, maiming and killing innocent Nigerians.

Natural Disasters, desertification and drought are case in point that forces individuals out of their homes in Nigeria. In recent times the overflow of River Niger along its banks in Nigeria produced thousands of IDPs. In the North flood, in the East erosion and spilling of crude oil in the Southern region (Moses 2016 cited in Theresa; Okoli & Uroko, 2017).

According to National Emergency Management Agency report (2015) January 2015, over sixty thousand people were displaced by natural disaster in Nigeria alone. NEMA, on September 17^th 2018 declared national disaster in the states of Kogi, Anambra, Katsina, Kaduna and Delta (Sanni, 2018), leading to displacement of thousands and killings of over 100 people. There is also displacement related to oil exploration, transportation and production have led to enormous environmental damage. As a result of this life has become unbearable to those living in oil producing areas mostly in the Niger Delta leading to many people being displaced from their place of residence. Validating is opinion Terminski noted:

Ogoni people have been forced to protest the ongoing environmental degradation has against Shell and other oil companies…. 27 villages were raided as a result of the protest of 1993 leading to the death of over 2000 people from Ogoni land displacing 80,000- 100,000. Over 2000 people from Ogoni soil have been forced to flee the land seeking refuge in neighbouring states (Ezeanokwasa, Kalu & Okaphor, 2018, p. 15).

Abdi (2016), consequently, noted that migration is a difficult forecast as a result of the kinds of migrations which are temporary, seasonal, and permanent. The complexity of the environment outcome that is deforestation and desertification Abdi (2016), gave an instance for the reasons displacement occurs in Somalia. He stated that displacement in Somalia is as a result of frequent drought, flood, rainy season and dust storms over the eastern plains in Somalia. For Abdi, causes of displacement can be categorised as manmade; natural disasters which are influenced by human factors. Natural displacement can be transitory displacement as a result of environmental stress; while a permanent displacement can be as a result of long lasting change in the environment and permanent or temporary displacement as a result of progressive resource dilapidation. Slow onset migrations often as a result of resource exhaustion, pollution and desertification.

Displacement regards to developmental projects is the forceful evacuation, movement of people, removal, or uprooting of communities from their habitual residence to create way for developmental projects. This can only be orchestrated by a private actor or state (Ahmad, 2018) it occurs when there is construction of roads, railways, dams, hydroelectric power projects, natural resource extraction, agricultural investment and so on. A project of this nature requires the local population to vacate their homes and exposes the affected people to some vulnerability.

According to Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) (2016), espoused that 15 million persons are internally displaced by developmental projects yearly worldwide. In 1980s, 26000 individuals were displaced internally in other to create way for the Dadin Kowa dam along Gongola River in Nigeria. In 2015, over 10,000 citizens in Lagos state were evicted from Badia east community. This is to create ways for Lagos metropolitan development and government projects with-out compensating and resettling those displaced.

The struggle for resources and the extraction of oil is another reason for IDPs in Nigeria. There is no global statistics on the figures of persons evacuated from their homes by resource extraction. Oil spillage could contaminate drinking water and the destruction of farm lands which have led to people fleeing their homes and lands for safer places (IDMC, 2016). The issue of resource control in the Niger Delta region has brought about violence involving forces of government and the militants known as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) which was created with various coming together in 2005.

The government force launched air and land strikes around Warri a city in Delta state and later to Rivers state. The attack launched led to 1000 IDP seeking shelter in a hospitals and schools in the local capital Ogbe-Ijoh and close to 10,000 people who have fled into forest and could not go back home. Women and children were hosted in the hospitals while the men went into hiding in the bush avoiding been arrested by government forces. In 2009 there were clashes in Warri but there was no record of the figures of people displaced (IDMC, 2009).

In Nigeria there are over 250 ethnic groups this has led to clashes between them sometimes leading to arms struggle resulting in displacement of persons. In Nigeria there exist Christianity and Islam and both are the most populous religions in Nigeria. While Muslims are found more between the Fulani-Hausa in the North, Christians are more in the Middle Belt and Southern part of the country (Ahmad, 2018). Since, the enactment of Sharia laws in the twelve northern states in 2000 it has been recorded that there has been more conflicts among Muslims and Christians which led to thousands of IDPs in Nigeria. There is the issue of trust between both religions prompt different inter-ethnic conflicts among Muslim majority Fulani-Hausa and nationalities of other ethnic groups (Ezeanokwasa Kalu and Okaphor, 2018).

Ethno-religious conflict between Tiv and Jukun in October 2001 displaced between three hundred thousand to five hundred thousand people. In the same vain there was a clash between the Yoruba’s and Hausas in 2002 leading to over two thousand persons being displaced (Ezeanokwasa; Kalu and Okaphor, 2018). Other examples of ethno-religious clashes in Nigeria are: Kafanchan-Kaduna conflct that occurred during the 1980s and 1990s, the Kaduna Sharia riots of 2000 and the Jos riots 0f 2001 resulted to the loss of lives and displacement of people (Canci & Odukoya, 2016). In 2018 crisis broke out in Kaduna state which brought about the death of 55 persons. This violence was as a result of ethno-religious crisis among Muslims and Christians; this has led to unrest and leading to people fleeing their places of residence (Akinwale, 2018).

Bamidele (2012), observed that the politicization of ethnicity and religion in Nigeria has been responsible for the creation of groups such as the Igbo People’s Congress (IPC), the Nigerian or Yobe Taliban, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), Oduduwa People’s Congress (OPC), Arewa People’s Congress (APC), Niger Delta Volunteer Force (NDVF), Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), Movement for the Survival of the Izon Nationality of the Niger Delta (MOSIEND), Niger Delta Resistant Movement (NDRM). The actions of these groups at one point or the other have been responsible in increasing the figures of IDPs in the country (Bamidele, 2012).

Insurgency in Nigeria has reached an unprecedented level where hundreds have lost their lives, while so many wounded or displaced from their places of habitual residence on account of their religious or ethnic identification. This has resulted in the disruption and interruption of schools; billions of naira been lost to businesses while properties destroyed (Abdulrahman and Zuwaira, 2016). Notwithstanding, the harmful consequences of insurgency on the wellbeing and economy cannot be underrated. Insurgence has destroyed educational institutions and has crippled economic activities in the country. As espoused by the former president Obasanjo, which billions of Naira lost to insurgency would have been used for developmental projects such as road constructions, improving medical care, rehabilitating the educational sector and providing overall services to the citizens of Nigeria (Letswa and Isyaku, 2018). Itumo and Nwefuru (2016) ever since insurgency commenced in Nigeria, several persons have been made to leave their habitual place of residence from states like Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Borno, Yobe and Adamawa.

Displacement and social dislocation happens to be the most disastrous consequence of insurgency on the political atmosphere known as Nigeria. In 2014 alone, 140,000 persons were made homeless from communities, states and villages in northern part of Nigeria (Abdulrahman & Zuwaira, 2016). In 2015, there were reports that 70,000 Nigerians have left the country to nearby countries of Benin Republic, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. This shows that within Nigeria there are over 1,000 internally displaced persons from the north (Letswa & Isyaku, 2018). Recently, insurgency has become one of the dangerous threats to world order to the point that no country in the world can claim it is free from the violent acts of shooting, armed robbery, bombing, hostage taking, and kidnapping. Insurgency has become the greatest threat to world peace in recent times and it is felt globally (Olufemi & Olaide, 2015). However, Nigeria has its own share on the effects of this threat as it is also a challenge to national development and security. Mohammed (2017) observed that since insurgency became violent in 2009, it has led to over two million displacements of people within and across borders between neighbouring countries.

Salkida (2012) argued that since insurgency became more violent in 2010 the assaults by extremist group increased beyond the boundaries of Nigeria. The sects engage in bombing schools, police stations, Churches, and Mosques. They were also involved in kidnapping women, the kidnapped of more than two hundred and fifty school girls in Chibok town in Borno state. By 2011 the country was said to have lost about two thousand lives to Boko Haram (Salkida, 2012). The government-declared war on terrorists and its escalation in 2012 and 2013 led to a state of emergency been declared in Yobe, Adamawa and Borno states. Despite, this Boko Haram continued to unleash mayhem on innocent citizens. The outcome of this according to Adamu and Rasheed (2016) has brought about millions of IDPs in the North-Eastern part of Nigeria who fled their homes for safety due to Boko Haram assaults. Boko Haram violence has caused massive displacement in Nigeria since 2014. According to Abdulazeez (2016), as of October 2015, insurgency was accountable for the displacement of about two million people in Yobe, Borno and Adamawa states alone.

There are figures which show that about 12.5 million people are displaced in the 21 Sub Saharan countries and Nigeria has the largest share in the numbers of IDPs in the continent of Africa with over four million as a result of violent conflict (Abdulazeez, 2016; Mohammed, 2017). Nigeria being the worst country in Africa with the highest figures of displaced persons happens to be the third in world ranking following Colombia and Syria. It is imperative to note that 2/3 of IDPs in Nigeria is as a result of Boko Haram, this represent 91.98 percent while communal clashes represent 7.95 percent and natural disaster with 0.6 percent (Mohammed, 2017).

According to IDMC (2017), the attacks by insurgency and military actions against the sect continued to result to bulk of IDPs in 2017. As there were attacks in displacement camps as counter insurgency actions by the Nigerian military and the Joint Task Force from Chad, Niger, Benin and Cameroon also increased. Leading to a total of 279,000 (Marama, 2018), displacements being recorded. As at 2017 a total number of 1,707,000 persons were living as displaced persons in the country (Marama, 2018). According to Marama (2018), Boko Haram killed 13 persons in Borno state IDPs camp on the 2^nd of October 2018 leading to people fleeing from their camps locating other places for safety.

As at 2013, Internally Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) recorded the displacement of over three million people in Nigeria basically due to insurgency (Alobo and Obaji, 2016). It also has a record of over a million of IDPs in Nigeria as of April 2015. The figures of IDPs in Gombe, Bauchi, Adamawa, Yobe, Borno, and Taraba led to over two million people (Alobo and Obaji, 2016). Majority of displaced persons is as a result of insurgency which accounted for 91. 98%, followed by a smaller number who were forced to leave due to clashes between communities 7.96% or natural disaster 0.06% (Nsude and Nwanchor, 2017). In Borno, 24.2% (Nsude and Nwanchor, 2017) of the residents that were displaced in 2015 followed the increase in hostility in this state since the year began.

The challenges displaced people in Nigeria face are not different from those associated with IDPs mostly those encountered in Nigeria. Firstly, understanding the rights of displaced persons as set out by the United Nations Guiding Principles on Displaced people and the Kampala Convention. These rights consist of liberty right to private and family life, dignity of human person, right to freedom of movement, personal right to life, and so on. Displaced persons suffer the worse violations of their human rights (Adewale, 2016).

In Nigeria displaced persons and in other parts of the world are faced with various challenges. And these challenges are similar in nature. On the other hand, in Nigeria Boko Haram happens to have caused over ninety percent of displacement and this has led to break down in family structure, loss of lives, infrastructures and destruction of properties adding to the lack of income. The security condition left people with no choice rather than to migrate from their place of residence (Norwegian Refugee Council, 2017). Norwegian Refugee Council (2017), spoke about displaced persons losing their lives in the process of fleeing their place of residence, destruction of infrastructure, no means of livelihood and properties but failed to state if these challenges were faced by men which this research is set out to address.

According to ‘National Emergency Management Agency’ (NEMA), children who are displaced internally are in their large numbers are out of school and a number of them are unaccompanied as a result of separation from family members, and loss of lives of parents during armed conflict. The educational break down in the North was as a result of terrorist destruction of schools, kidnapping of school children, and killing of teachers. However, in the case where these displaced children are able to access education the quality is usually below the standard and poor due to the environment not for good for learning, and lack of teaching aids. In most cases teachers that are incompetent volunteer to teach these children (Abdulazeez, 2016). NEMA outlined the problems of children as not been able to acquire education as a result of displacement and those of them who flee homes without knowing where they can find their families. Some of these children according to NEMA fall into the hands of kidnappers but failed to tell us about displaced men who have no homes and no family that Boko Haram can get hold of and use as terrorists and also as kidnappers in achieving their aims which this study will address (Abdulazeez, 2016).

IDPs are made to flee their habitual place of residence to find accommodation in mosque, schools, churches and informal settlement and in the course of the situation affect their health and security. Even instances where their lives are lost to Boko Haram in their camps have also been recorded (Adewale, 2016). Adewale (2016), on commenting on the internally displaced persons pointed out the challenges on shelter, that is displaced persons finding shelters in public places like schools, churches, mosques but failed to tell us if these persons who leave their places of residence are men which this study will examine. Obaji and Alobo (2016) asserted that Displaced Persons are exposed to security challenges; that range from gender and child based hostility, separation from family, exploitation, and detention with no consideration of the rule of law. Obaiji and Alobo (2016), only made reference to children and gender based security issues but did not indicate if men were also having this security challenges which it’s a gap in literature this study will address.

While for Ahmad (2018), the places IDPs live in Nigeria are government buildings, schools, churches, town halls, bunk houses and tents. These shelters are not sufficient and in most cases they are asked to leave or accommodations are destroyed or damaged. The accommodations are over-crowded and un-suitable in terms of sanitation and water facilities and women have no privacy. Ahmad (2018) only spoke on insufficient shelters and the confrontations women face in regards to accommodations but did not tell us if men are the ones who live in government building, schools, churches, tents, town halls and bunk houses which is a gap in knowledge this research is going to place emphasis on.

Ogundamisi (2016), noted that IDPs are faced with the constrain of accessing health care in Nigeria because of damages on facilities and workforce in the health sector are relocating to other places due to conflict. Ogundamisi (2016), in his analysis of the constraints on accessing health care by IDPs in Nigeria made a generalisation but failed to state if men were the ones who could not access health facilities which this study will look at to state the challenges of displaced men in accessing health facilities in Nigeria. Sambo (2017), the closure of medical infrastructural facilities and the non-presence of medical doctors who left as a result of insecurity, scarcity of drugs and medical facilities has resulted to serious health challenges between Displaced Persons in the North. Sambo (2017), failed to tell us if men were the ones faced with this serious health challenges which is a gap this study is set out to fill.

With the increase in population of IDPs in camps sanitation facilities and water became insufficient to take care of the needs of IDPs. UNICEF (2016) the absence of WASH leads to increase in the risk of diseases, dehydration and other related sicknesses. Both WHO (2017), and UNICEF (2016), did not tell us if these diseases were contacted by displaced men and the percentage men feature in health cases in Nigeria which is a gap this research seeks to fill. There is no waste management and lack of provision for important utility like drinkable water and power supply. The state of poor hygiene and sanitation explain the outbreak of diseases (Sambo, 2017). Sambo (2017), from his point of view generalised the experiences of IDPs as not having access to good water, power supply and the state of poor hygiene but did not state if men were the ones going through such challenges which this study is set to examine.

Dunn (2018) noted that the distribution of food in camps gets to some people regularly while in some cases other persons don’t receive food distribution. This is so because there is no figures of displaced people in Nigeria as the numbers of IDPs cannot be accounted for some people who have the resources when violence occurred had to relocate to where there is stability and peace with their available resources. While others left to leave with relatives in other regions in Nigeria. These reasons make it difficult to get the exact figure of IDPs. Dunn (2018) only spoke about the distribution of food and the challenges displaced persons face in food distribution but failed to state if men also are going through such challenges which this study will address.

Olufemi and Olaide (2015) are of the view that children and women remain the most helpless as a result of gender and sexual based violence. Cases of sexual diseases, infant marriage, forced marriage, sexual harassment, rape, and uncontrolled birth occasioning high infant and material mortality are evident in displaced persons camp in Nigeria. Olufemi and Olaide (2015) only made mention of women and children who are harassed sexually but failed to state if men were also involved in sexual violence and sexual diseases, which this study will look at. Olajide (2016) assenting to this, said that there is a high occurrence of rape and other forms of violence against children and women in displaced person’s camps. Olajide (2016) only made mention of cases of rape and violence against children and women but failed to state if men also faced this forms of violence which this study is set out to examine.

Odusanya (2016), espoused that when people are internally displaced, they flee their places of residence with their cultures and are to face the challenges of not been welcomed by those they are likely to live in their communities and this is a limitation to them in assessing resources and are exposed to health issues. In displacement issues the health of refugees receives attention more than those of internally displaced people due to the treaties and conventions and the many global and multilateral agencies concerned with the care of refugees.

For Odusanya (2016), IDPs are vulnerable to different types of challenges that comprise of non-health and health issues which could be malaria, mental health such as anxiety, measles, malnutrition, depression, post traumatic disorders; reproduction health, for instance sexual harassment, rape, unwanted pregnancies and abortions, and cerebrospinal meningitis. Accessing health care facilities are also challenging to IDPs. Problems that are not health related includes: security, access to safe and clean water, basic sanitation, housing and education for children. It is imperative to note that in Nigeria issues of displacement did not begin overnight but occurred slowly but was largely ignored and unnoticed by both state and national government. They are not taken seriously by government as they don’t intrude on their privileges and space.

Levinus (2016), reports that, at least thirty children reportedly die from malnutrition. In armed conflict children’s needs are not considered as is the situation in Nigeria as they are exposed to abuses, used by insurgency as suicide bombers, child soldiers, sex slaves and immediate suspension of their education. Levinus (2016), tells us about children who die of malnutrition and exposed to abuses but failed to talk about displaced men who could also be recruited by Boko Haram to carry out attacks, and men who were abused and died of hunger and cannot access to a source of livelihood this is a gap in knowledge this study is set out to examine.

Responding to the plights of internally displaced persons Mmahi (2016), noted that displacement in Nigeria affects education, health, nutrition, emotions and all areas of lives of those who are internally displaced. It also leads to family breakdown. However, Mmahi (2016) further espoused that women, young girls, children and the aged are most hit during occasions of armed conflicts or manmade disasters as they are considered as the most vulnerable in the society. While children during occasion of armed conflict lose their siblings, parents, homes and are made to drop out of school. Mmahi (2016) only placed emphasis on women, girls, children and the aged as the only people who are faced with challenges as internally displaced people but failed to mention the plights of displaced men in Nigeria which is a gap in literature this study is set out to fill.

Oyefara and Alabi (2016), forcible eviction of women as a result of development project had consequences on women as IDPs which include: being made homeless and destitute. Other social problems include lack of access to social services, alcoholism, marginalisation of women, and drug abuse. Furthermore, forcible eviction also brought about people losing their source of lively-hood; unable to access economic resources for IDPs women, unemployment. Most of them were traders while others engage in vocational occupation. Lack of food, unbalanced diet and malnourishment were a major challenge women faced upon displacement. Oyefara and Alabi (2016) went further to state that women also face health challenges due to unavailability of drinkable water, poor sanitation and awful waste disposal, etc.,. Oyefara and Alabi (2016), basically talked about the challenges women face due to development projects but did not talk about the challenges internally displaced men face due to insurgency, armed conflict etc., which this study will examine.

Oladeji (2015), women and girls have been the most affected as internally displaced people, with the abduction and forced marriage or selling of young girls by Boko Haram insurgency. They also have the issue with accommodation and lacks of food are challenges faced by displaced people. While Oladeji (2015), made emphasis on girls been forced into marriage and adducted by Boko Haram but made no reference men who Boko Haram insurgency have forced or recruited into becoming terrorists which this study will place emphasis on.

Iroegbu and Enobhayisobo (2016), as a result of this there is the alarming cases of starvation, hunger, and malnutrition of displaced people mostly children and new born babies despite the humanitarian donations they receive. However, the government in Borno state abolished the Central Committee for feeding, although, this still remain a challenge since there is still lack of proper monitoring by government on how such donations are utilized (Iroegbu & Enobhayisobo, 2016).

When it has to do with issues on displacement in Nigeria and other parts of the world women and children dominate existing literature while the issues of displaced men are not given attention. It’s on this note this study seeks to fill a gap in literature on the challenges of men as Displaced Persons in Nigeria. Evidence from a camp in Puttalam District in the North Western, Sri Lanka, shows that men in the camps do not have contact with NGOs, except for organisations that come to their settlement but are only interested in women, and children a young man at the camp narrated (EL-bushra, 2000). Given the above instance it is clear that displaced men face various forms of challenges ranging from accommodation, health care, feeding and so on which need attention by both government and individuals of goodwill. If this is not attended to these men could become a tool in the hands of Boko Haram in carrying out their attacks as suicide bombers or perhaps they can become criminals in other to meet up with financial obligations to their families. It is on this note this study will be filling a vacuum in knowledge.

Protecting Displaced Persons is a legal concept that is fundamentally, on developing a national legal frame-work upholding the rights of displaced persons is a significant indicator of national responsibility and an important vehicle for its realisation. United Nations resolution has encouraged states with IDPs to strengthened national and develops legal frameworks. An increasing number of governments, including Peru, Uganda, Burundi, Angola, Georgia, and Colombia, have done so, either by adopting new laws or revising existing legislation to be in line with the Guiding Principles (Mooney, 2005).

Article 5 (1) of the Kampala Convention (2009) state that government at the national levels should take the primary responsibility and duty for making provisions for humanitarian and the protection assistance of IDPs within their control without discriminating against of any individual based on religion or ethnic reasons. By implication of Article 5 (1) of the Kampala Convention, Nigeria being a signatory to that agreement has the sole Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Displaced Persons within its territory by providing basic needs and protecting citizens who have become homeless due to internal conflict, and natural disaster (AU, 2009).

It was on this note government instituted various agencies and roles given to address protection and needs of IDPs at state and federal levels. Core among them are National Emergency Management Agencies, which has taken the lead role and its state counterpart, State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMA), which have been at the forefront of government humanitarian crisis response and in provision and delivery of food and non-food items, with partnership with national and global partners. Additional agencies include, National Commission for Refugees (NCR), Migrants and IDPs and National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) have contributed to responses (Itumo & Nwefuru, 2016). The Nigerian National Policy aims to guide the various government branches, humanitarian agencies in protecting, preventing displacement and assisting IDPs.

Ezeanokwasa Kalu and Okaphor (2018), argued that the policy adopted by government to protect and provide the needs of IDPs was a collaborative approach by which the needs of IDPs are met through collegial manner were various IDPs needs are handed to different agencies, nongovernmental and governmental to take care of. In Nigeria there is no institution at the helm of affairs with the direct responsibility to cater for the needs of IDPs rather what exist are coordinators. According to Ezeanokwasa; Kalu and Okaphor (2018), the common sense maxim, ‘he who pays the piper determines the tune’ readily comes into colour their commitment. Between agencies of government collaboration and cooperation are not free from bureaucratic bottlenecks and inter departmental discords, all these impact negatively in government commitment to R2P Displaced Persons in Nigeria.

Davies and Murray (2005) cited instance of collaborative approach in management of IDPs in Liberia, which, according to them it was not workable. This is so because abdication of responsibility is possible due to the fact that there is no formal responsibility allocated to agencies under collaborative response; agencies are not accountable when they renege on their promises. Cohen (2010) held similar ground after evaluating the approach in other places. For him there is no focus of responsibility in the field of assisting and protecting Displaced Persons. According to Ugwu (2015) lack of coordination between agencies has hindered efforts to reach Displaced Persons. Lenshie and Yenda (2016) stated that the supports from donors have not in any way reduced the challenges of IDPs which include: sanitation, water, healthcare facility, inadequate food, insecurity, educational needs and inadequate protection.

Corruption is a core challenge affecting government in meeting up with its R2P Displaced Persons in Nigeria. This is associated with the management and distribution of humanitarian funding to government and its inability to fully execute the ‘Kampala Convention’ on displaced persons through logistical, resources and legal, are reasons for poor humanitarian condition of IDPs in the country. As items given to IDPs for humanitarian purposes are sometimes diverted by the agencies and sold for personal profit as evident in some internally displaced persons’ camps in Nigeria. Oduwole and Fadeyi (2013) argued that national government only gives money for IDPs welfare and after that does not care if such money were well utilized in catering for their needs.

Alqali (2016) noted that the agencies responsible for the protection and provision of basic needs for IDPs divert aids that are meant for displaced persons in the North. NEMA a federal government aid and SEMA have come under fire for inefficiency. The problem with IDPs welfare in Nigeria is that government and individual aids gets diverted and does not reach IDPs. Ocha (2015) contends that most of IDPs are accommodated by private individuals in an impressive solidarity effort. But, some of these short term living lack adequate access to water, food, sanitation, health facilities and non-food items. Olagunju (2006) stressed that Nigerian government both at federal, state and local levels do not have adequate machinery in place to address internally displaced persons challenges. While Soji Adeniyi comments that absence of data management, credible data base and weak legislation, poorly funded state and emergency management agency, insufficient facilities in health sectors and over population are among the plights bedevilling effective emergency management in Nigeria (Olagunju, 2006).

The theories adopted for this study are the Human Needs and Failed State theories. Both theories are appropriate for this research as the combination of these two theories fills the gap created by the other and as such, helps reflect an overall elucidation of the study.

This study is anchored on the human needs theory (HNT) proposed by Abraham Maslow in his paper ‘‘A Theory of Human Motivation’’ in psychological review in 1943. According to this theory human needs are universal and are not negotiable. It asserts that some needs are more significant for the well being of human survival (Olanrewaju, Omotoso, Alabi, 2018). In the views of Maslow and Burton, these needs are not just water, food and shelter. They also involve non physical and physical essentials and other needs human beings are passionate to achieve (Marker, 2005). HNT is useful in giving an insight to the causes of conflict as well as the resolution of conflict. Scholars see HNT as an instrument for mediation, preventive peace building, and post conflict peace building (Danielsen, 2005).

HNT posit that the reason for conflict is as a result of underlying needs of persons to meet their needs as individual, as a society and at group level (Osagioduwa & Oluwakorede, 2016). Burton (1990 cited in Danielsen, 2005), is of the view that global human needs are repeatedly ignored, resulting to groups using violence to get their rights and satisfy their needs. The study of HNT by Max Neef (1991), Burton (1990), and Maslow (1943) focus on the correlation between human needs and conflict at different levels of society ranging from intra/inter personal conflicts to conflicts within the international setting and inter-group conflict (Danielsen, 2005). The relationship between conflict and human needs rest on the premise that conflict occurs when individuals and groups needs are not met (Olanrewaju, Omotoso & Alabi, 2018). Hence, conflict resolution would be more effective when human needs are met and conflict interest addressed.

According to Rotberg (2013) a state is said to have failed when the government is unable to deliver vital public services to citizens. Max Weber sees failed state has one that has lost the monopoly over the threat or legal use of violence instrument (Duruji & Oviasogie, 2013) when a country is unable to take charge of its territory and upholds its control of violence. Failed state Zartman (1995 cited in Duruji and Oviasogie, 2013), avers that failed state refers to the disintegration of government functions when the public sector no longer exists. It could be said that the state has failed or collapsed when the primary duty of the sate are no longer carried out. That is, state collapse when it is unable to deliver those services for which it exists (Rotberg, 2013).

State’s failure to have monopoly over its people begins from when the state is unable to ensure physical security, minimize violence, manage conflicts, provide essential services, offer development opportunities and protect human rights. More importantly when the state fails to meet the needs of its people, take actions efficiently to natural or human disasters, and provide the needs of its citizens and assistance are elements of bad governance, poor management of the affairs of the state and characteristics of failing and failed states (Duruji & Oviasogie, 2013). Therefore, a state is said to be successful when it lives up to the responsibility of protecting its citizens as well as their general welfare. The responsibility of the state also involves containing violence, managing diversity, developing and implementing good economic policies that will bring about development and growth with equitable distribution, fundamental rights, respecting democratic values and forging cooperative relations (Olanrewaju, Omotoso & Alabi, 20018). When a state fails to monopolize its territory and control the use of violence such a state will be faced with armed insurgents and have little abilities to make policies or promote economic development (Eriksen, 2011).

Traditionally, it is the duty of government in every society to take decisions and make policies to solve social problems that will in turn affect the lives of the people positively. Every human being has some basic needs which according to Maslow and Burton are essential for survival (Marker, 2005). Government has the responsibility to make decisions and solve social problems, the evolution of globalization couple with other circumstances have distance government from the people, leading to frustration and dissatisfaction of human needs. This led to the establishment of institutions able to satisfy the needs of people Burton (1990 cited in Olanrewaju, Omotoso & Alabi, 2018). The creation of institutions like NEMA/SEMA to cater for the needs of displaced persons has not yielded positive results as they still lack what Maslow calls pressing needs like water, food and shelter. In Nigeria displacement of people due to the actions of Boko Haram are due to unmet human needs.

Displaced persons in Nigeria also lack access to good health care facilities, security, and descent sanitation. Others face violence or sexual abuse and human trafficking and are denied justice. The violations experienced by Displaced Persons ranged from return or relocation, violation of land, stationary standby of armed forces in camps and restriction of movement. Hence, there is need for government through its established institutions to come to the aid of displaced persons by providing them with infrastructures and essential amenities that will help them resettle securely and safely under better living condition in other for them to meet up with these unmet needs which Maslow called pressing needs (Osagioduwa & Oluwakorede, 2016).

Government in Africa have at various point defended non intervention and sovereignty. In recent years responsibility to protect has gotten significant advancement. In Africa state institutions are not committed to providing the needs of their people. The Nigerian case shows how state failure in providing social needs which can cause conflict and result to different patterns of displacement (Olanrewaju, Omotoso, & Alabi, 2018). Boko Haram activities in Nigeria have been attributed to corruption, poverty, underdevelopment, unmet economic needs, leadership ineptitude, unemployment and religious incompatibilities which are due to sate failure (Duruji & Oviasogie, 2013). The challenges of IDPs in Nigeria reflect the failure of state institutions and lack of political will amongst holders of public offices. The reactions from IDPs shows that they are faced with various challenges such as health were they are battling with diseases such as HIV, infections gotten from sexual violence. They also lack inadequate health workers and health care facilities (Enwereji, 2009). IDPs are also malnourished which has led to protests in camps, shortage of water and poor education amongst children. They suffer from incidence of suicide attacks on IDP camps. Such cases include the July 24, 2017 Dalori 1 and 11 IDP camps in Borno state, the 2016 February 9 incident in Dikwa Local Government Area (LGA) of Borno state and the September 11 2015 attack in Malkohi IDP camp Adamawa state.

Since human needs cannot be suppressed or traded Coate and Rosati (1988 cited in Olanrewaju, Omotoso and Alabi, 2018) argued that government must be responsible to group and individual needs in other to avoid conflict and violent revolution. Since uneven development and poverty is the root of IDP in Nigeria, the government should therefore ensure the challenges of IDPs are taken care of.

The study adopted the descriptive research design, where copies of the questionnaire were distributed to 256 respondents who are IDP men living in and around Durumi Area One Camp Abuja. This design was adopted to investigate between the variables, which cannot be considered using only documented literature or observation. Information on the challenges of men as IDPs in camps and government responsibility to protect them is gotten directly from the respondents. The results obtained enabled the researcher to understand the issues facing men during displacement.

The population of the research study as of October 2018 at the IDPs camps was estimated to be 713 at Durumi Area One Camp Abuja. This population is the total number of men in the camp; however, this study is based on the challenges of men as IDPs within the population. The research population also involved government officials of organisations such as NEMA and other agencies intervening in the displacement situation.

The sample size of 256 respondents were selected at the IDPs Camp in Durumi Area One Abuja, calculating sample size using a simplified formula, which is used for finite population to determine the sample size for the study (Olaoye, 2018).

The researcher conducted interviews and distributed 256 quantities’ of questionnaire to respondents which formed the sample size of the study.

The method of sampling used for this study is purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling method is also known as the judgment sampling. In using purposive sampling, the researcher decides what needs to be known and finds the people who can and are willing to give information as a result of their experience or knowledge (Etikan, Musa, and Alkassim, 2016). Purposive sampling concentrates on individuals with specific features who can assist with information relevant to the study.

The research made use of three sources for its data collection and in analyzing the challenges of men as IDPs. It collected primary data in Durumi Area One Camp Abuja, Nigeria. The data from primary sources includes interviews, questionnaires and focus group. In-depth interviews were conducted with camp officials and government agencies that are responsible for the needs of IDPs. While the target respondents for the questionnaires and focus group focus on IDPs men in the camp. Secondary sources of data for this study include journals, newspapers, and research projects, and internet sources.

The techniques used in collecting data for this study is oral interview, focus group and questionnaires. Oral interview involves one on one interview with camp officials and government agencies responsible for the needs of IDPs. Focus group technique of collecting data also helped in getting useful information from men on the challenges they face as displaced persons. The application of this technique helped the researcher have access to firsthand information about the challenges of men as IDPs and also how government has kept up with its responsibility to protect victims in camps. The questionnaires at the same time involves a well-structured closed ended line of questions targeted at acquiring useful information as connected to IDPs, challenges of men in IDPs camps and government contributions to their welfare.

Secondary data collection involves deep internet browsing, library search, books, and journal articles able to complement, authenticate, or discard certain findings of the study.

The version used for analysing data for the study is SPSS 25. A central measure tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data. ‘‘As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called measures of central location. Central tendency is a “statistical measure that identifies a single value as representative of an entire distribution.” It is the single value that is the most typical/ representative of the collected data. The term “number crunching” is used to illustrate this aspect of data description. The mean, median and mode are the three commonly used measures of central tendency (Deshpande, Gogtay and Thatte, 2016)’’. Likert scale was the item adopted in the questionnaire for the study. Also, only percentages, frequency and mean were used for the descriptive analysis.

As the research was carried out a number of ethical consideration principles were adhered to during the questionnaire administration and interview schedules. On meeting with the prospective participate (respondents) the researchers explained the essence and objectives of the research to the respondent as well as the roles they were expected to play. Furthermore, they were informed that the information provided will be utilized strictly for research purposes and their information will be kept confidential.

Before the commencement of the interview sessions the respondent were first informed that they were been recorded while the researcher adhered to some declines by participants of the interview sessions to be recorded. The individuals who responded to the questionnaires and interviews were kept anonymous when the report of the research was been analyses and the findings presented as agreed by the research and the respondents.

Durumi IDP Camp is among the seven camps located in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. According to the Camp chairman Ibrahim Ahmudu (Oral interview, 2019) the Federal government does not recognize the Durumi Area 1 camp since they refused to relocate from FCT while Aisha Ismail Salaudeen (Oral interview, 2019) noted that Durumi IDP is not a camp as it lacks the features of a camp which includes health personnel or a standby clinic, security, and there are no elements of camp management in FCT but there are elements of camp coordination.

However, the site according to the camp chairman (Oral interview, 2019) is not recognised since it does not meet up the requirement of security, environmental hazards and the availability of an IDP centre. The roads leading to the camp are not accessible during the rainy seasons. The camp came into existence in 2014 and it’s occupied by people from Adamawa, Yobe and Borno respectively.

In Durumi, the camps are made up of tents spread around it while the office of the camp chairman, accommodation for women and the health facility are made-up of zinc looking so un-kept with little or no medication facilities. The camp has 2,740 populations, which is made up of men, women and children. While the men and women leave separately. But those with their family members leave together in separate tents. Since the camp existed 14 persons have lost their lives as a result of ill-health and lack of proper hygiene. The locations of the camp according to the camp chairman (Oral interview, 2019) are lands owned by individuals that were un-occupied which they met on their arrival surrounded with bushes.

For the purpose of this study three areas of interests in regards to the living conditions in the camp will be discussed. These are shelter, health and skills which will be discussed in this section.

In the camp in Durumi Area1 IDPs leave in tents with their family members, one of the major challenges they face as displaced men according to Ibrahim Ahmudu (Oral interview, 2019) is the issues of accommodation as it becomes worse when it rains and hot during dry season (summer). When it rains, there is no form of protection, as their tents often get flooded with water.

Ahmad (2018), the places IDPs live in Nigeria is government buildings, schools, churches, town halls, bunk houses and tents. These shelters are not sufficient and in most cases existing shelters are destroyed or damaged. The accommodations are over-crowded and un-suitable in terms of sanitation and water facilities and no privacy for women

Also, the absence of electricity and fans make the tents unbearably hot during the dry season. Alternatively, they sleep in the heat in a bid to avoid mosquito bites which could result to malaria Garba Usman (Oral interview, 2019). Families with young children, regardless of its size, share a tent. In some instances you find a family of nine (9) sharing a tent.

Winston Churchill in one of his well-known speech espoused that “Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country can have (Winston Churchill, n.d).

While in Durumi camp the citizens there do not leave healthy lives due to lack of hospital or a stand by clinic to cater for sick persons. Even the environment in which IDPs leave in are not healthy and could lead to contraction and spread of diseases. What is obtainable according to the camp chairman Ibrahim Ahmudu (Oral interview, 2018) when people fall sick there is a nurse who comes around to attend to sick IDPs in the camp but not as often as it should be. Levinus (2016), reports that, at least thirty children reportedly die daily from malnutrition in IDPs camps in Nigeria.

The living condition in the camp is a disaster from the outbreak of communicable diseases. Pregnant women in the camp have no access to proper ante-natal services and as such most child birth occur in the camp. Odusanya (2016), IDPs are vulnerable to different types of challenges that comprise of non-health and health issues. Health issues faced by displaced persons could be malaria, mental health such as anxiety, measles, malnutrition, depression, post traumatic disorders; reproduction health, for instance sexual harassment, rape, unwanted pregnancies and abortions, and cerebrospinal meningitis.

The major occupation of IDPs in the camp is motor cycling, which in most cases was not their original occupation before displacement. Most of the men cyclists lack valid license yet is allowed to ride on bikes just to make a living for themselves and their families which results in accidents.

There is also the issue of good drinking water in camps, in the absence of portable drinking water there is a stream that provides water for bathing and cooking only, as the water is not conducive for drinking. There is no waste management and lack of provision for important utility like drinkable water and power supply. The state of poor hygiene and sanitation explain the outbreak of diseases in IDPs camp (Sambo, 2017). And in the case of Durumi poor hygiene has lead to the loss of lives in the camp. IDPs in other to cut down cost and survive often cut down trees to be used for firewood, engage in bush burning and other activities that are detrimental to the environment.

In Durumi IDP camp there are unskilled workers, previously employed in the informal employment sector. This means that they do not have any formal skills certification. As unskilled workers, they have had some form of vocational training in which they served as apprentices for years. Subsequently, there are mechanics, electricians and tailors. Now that they are displaced they have not been able to continue with their jobs. NGOs often organise skills acquisitions for them. As displaced persons one of the major challenges is lack of fund to start on what they have learnt.

Various challenges are connected with internally displaced person’s management in Nigeria which is classified as cultural and structural challenges. It shows that overlapping policies, corruption, inadequate funding are the key structural challenges facing the management of IDPs in the country.

Internally displaced persons get funds through management agencies basically via donations, international aids, and revenue. The supports are most times not sufficient in meeting the needs of displaced persons in Nigeria. Insufficiency or lack of assistance brought about shortage of infrastructure, manpower, commodities, mobility and equipment (Akuto, 2017). Lomo, (2000:1), stated that members of various institutions, like the UNHCR, are not capable to put into practice current provisions for protecting the people for whom they are responsible. Where fund is not available facilities that are of standard will be unavailable and agencies will be inefficient. When linked to Lomo (2000, p. 13), government in the country lack adequate machinery to address the plights of IDPs in the country and agencies government created have minimal ability to handle internally displaced persons’ challenges. When funds are not sufficient it has to do with the issue of low budgeting for emergency.

Corruption is another essential challenge hindering effective management of IDPs in Nigeria. It is on record that management agencies and office holders in government who ought to care for the needs of displaced persons on various occasions have been found diverting relief materials and funds meant for displaced persons for their own benefits. A situation that reduces the efficiency in managing displaced persons in Nigeria (Akuto, 2017). Camp officials and leaders of IDPs have been seen as corrupt as they are also involved in selling items meant for IDPs thereby violating principle 24(2) of the United Nations ‘Guiding Principles’ on IDP (Lomo, 2000).

The issue of policy is another problem in managing IDPs in country. There is the issue of overlapping, unclear policies and institutions as been problematic to agencies responsible in the management of IDPs as they bring about restrictions and hindrances in the discharge of responsibilities. The agencies responsible for managing IDPs are somewhat ignorant of the particular responsibility allocated to them (Osagioduwa & Oluwakorede, 2016). According to Ezeanokwasa, Kalu and Okaphor, (2018) insufficient coordination among actors managing displaced persons, in terms of institutions that are overlapping, government have established various IDPs management agencies with related structures and mandates. An authentic instance is the National Commission for Refugees (NCFR) (Tasiu, Mohammad, and Laila, 2018).

This established institution was basically to provide for refugee in Nigeria and not for internally displaced persons, years later after its institution its authorization was extended to include SEMA /NEMA and it finally transformed into NCFR and IDPs. This brings to both agencies the question of what or what has not been done or what to be done, and by implication, an important part of the work faces the risk of being left undone. Humanitarian organizations and NGOs that work with management agencies gets confused on government establishments out of both agencies to be answerable to (Maidoh & Makolo, 2017).

Cultural challenge is related to internally displaced persons themselves and their host community. There are cases where displaced persons refuse to relocate from their place of residence due to their cultural attachment to that place and when they eventually agree to relocate, they may not want to remain idle but may want to be active (Osagioduwa & Oluwakorede, 2016). For instance, someone who likes fishing culture is going to depart the camp to where he can search for a river where they can continue their fishing. This is a challenge for agencies that are responsible for the management of IDPs.

When IDPs leave the camp indiscriminately it leads to the challenge of management in the sense that there is prospect of internally displaced persons causing troubles of different nature in the community they are hosted (Maidoh & Makolo, 2017).When there is random movement from the camp it may result to cultural clashes among host community and displaced persons, a situation that can lead to health complications and violence to both host community and displaced persons (Osagioduwa & Oluwakorede, 2016). And when this happen those managing the agency may become inefficient and the need to divert the resource available to them in order to resolve such crises

There are also situations where host communities seek to share from items given to IDPs and when they are not able to attain this they may get hostile and frustrated towards displaced persons. Hostility takes various manners ranging from isolation to stealing and other form of attacks. In other not to put the lives of IDPs in danger management agencies share items meant for displaced persons to host communities, thereby shorting their portion (Lomo, 2000).this is a challenge to agencies managing IDPs in Nigeria.

In Nigeria developing a National Policy was first considered by the ‘‘National Commission for Refugees’’, where in 2003 a draft was ready. A Presidential Committee was given a draft of the document on IDPs to further expand into a more comprehensive ‘National Policy’. The Presidential Committee was given the responsibility of developing a frame-work that will improve the prevention of IDPs, recommend best ways IDPs can be managed as well as protecting their human rights and the need to alleviate their sufferings once displacement occurs (Akanmu, Ogunsesan, Omotosho & Adejare, 2016).

The method which the Committee adopted includes calling for Memoranda from the general public, holding public hearings as well as conducting interviews at different IDPs camps. The policy outlines responsibilities and roles for Local, State and Federal Governments, nongovernmental organizations, IDPs camp host communities, civil society groups, community based organizations, humanitarian actors both nationally, internationally and the general public (Akanmu, Ogunsesan, Omotosho & Adejare, 2016). The policy also educates people on their obligations and rights before, during and after displacement. A committee established to fine tune the policy in 2008 with respect to an execution of the framework submitted in January 2009 (Maidoh & Makolo, 2017). The Nigeria president however, approved one of the recommendations on February 2009, expanding the mandate and re-naming of the NCFR to include rehabilitation and resettlement of IDPs (Akanmu, Ogunsesan, Omotosho & Adejare, 2016).

The NCFR with permission of the office of the Attorney General drafted a bill and submitted the original draft of Internally Displaced Persons Policy to the Federal Executive Council (FEC) in October 2010. The Council however, directed that a review of the Policy on section 6 (i) of the original draft be effected (Orchard, 2010). Different stakeholders, comprising of the Technical Working Group (TWG) was established to work on the Councils instruction, adjust the policy and aligns it with the provisions of the African Union Convention for the Assistance and Protection of Internally Displaced persons in Africa to which Nigeria signed and ratified. Technical Working Group was supported by international and national technical experts, with wide stakeholders’ consultations (Carr, 2009). The recommendations by Technical Working Group were geared towards saving lives, wanton destruction of property, engendering national unity, preventing large scale displacements, socio-economic and promoting human development as well as protecting the rights of all peoples (Carr, 2009).

Adopting this policy however suffered serious delays, the implication of which denied Nigeria some opportunities which the country would have had access to if the policy were to be placed while the policy was regrettably tucked away inside the shelf of one of the federal ministries in Abuja at a time the Boko Haram rebellion was on the increase (Maidoh & Makolo, 2017).

Nigeria has signed and ratified 2 International Legal Instrument, the African Union Convention, and the ‘Guiding principles’ on the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons. The focus of International Law has always been on Refugees rather than on internally displaced persons (Carr, 2009).The United Nations in 1998 came up with the Guiding Principles on IDPs. This principle deals with International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights to manage internal displacement of persons’ issues. The global community took some initiatives to address the challenges of internally displaced persons more efficiently. This brought about adopting the ‘Guiding Principles’.

1. Provide specificity and clarity to the challenges of internally displaced persons.

2. They are legally binding principles of development upon which Kampala Convention is based

3. It helps to broaden the understanding of the phenomenon and plights of Internally Displaced Persons (Carr, 2009).

The Guiding Principles subsequently gave birth to the Kampala Convention which was developed by the African Union on 12 October 2009 in Kampala. It is the first regional document on the protection of IDPs. Some of its objectives include:

To strengthen and Promote national and regional measures to mitigate or prevent, eliminate and prohibit the root causes of IDPs as well as providing durable solution;

Institute a legal frame-work that prevents IDPs and assisting, protecting IDPs in Africa;

Institution of a frame-work for cooperation, solidarity, promoting and mutual support of among states and Parties in order to fight displacement and addressing its consequences;

Makes provision for the responsibilities and obligations of states, with regards to preventing IDPs and assistance of, protection of IDPs;

Present responsibilities and respective obligations, and roles groups armed other relevant actors and non-state actors, including civil society organizations, with regards preventing IDPs and assistance of, and protection of, displacement of persons (African Union, 2009).

The guidelines and international instrument are a constant source of reference in Nigeria and they informed the development of the framework of the National Policy Document on IDPs in Nigeria.

The above table shows the responses after the researcher dispenses the questionnaire to the respondents. As stated in the previous chapter, a sum of 256questionnaires was to be circulated to collect significant dates for this research. However, out of 256questionnaires handed out, none of the questionnaires were invalid due to the fact that they were all properly answered which making 256 of the questionnaire were valid and functional for this research which was 100% of the allotted questionnaire.

The table above highlights the demographic features of the respondents. The first section displays gender of the respondents who participated in this study, 256 participants in this study were all male as this questionnaire was only administered to male IDPs.

The third section shows the age range of the respondents who participated in this study, 60 participants out of the total respondents are between the ages of 18-24 years old with a percentage of 23.4%, 110 respondents who filled this questionnaire are between the ages of 25-30years old with a percentage of 43%, while 63 participants out of the total respondents are of the ages of 31-40years of age with a percentage of 24.6% and 23 participants out of the total respondents are 41 years and above with a valid percentage of 9.0%.

The fourth section displays the marital status of the respondents who filled the questionnaire for this research, 67 of the respondents are singles with a percentage of 26.2%, 189 of the respondents are married with a percentage of 73.8%. This shows that majority of the respondents are married male.

The fifth section shows the Highest Educational Qualification of the respondents, 2 of the respondents went through the tertiary education with a percentage of 0.8%, while the rest of the respondents did not fill any section within the educational qualification section

The sixth section indicates occupation of the respondents, 21 of the respondents are civil servants with a percentage of 8.2%, 103 of the respondents are traders holding a percentage of 40.2%, 131 of the respondents are farmers with a percentage of 51.2%, while 1 of the respondents is a student. This shows that majority of the respondents are farmers.

The last section shows the nationality of the respondents where majority of the respondents are Nigerians as 252 of the respondents are Nigerians with a percentage of 98.4% while Non-Nigerians were just 4 holding a percentage of 1.6%

A number of questions were developed in this study to allow respondents to focus on workers actualization on organisational performance. The following section displays respondent’s replies in each of the questions presented in this research instrument and each response is represented as (Strongly Disagree) (Disagree) (Undecided) (Strongly Agree) and (Agree).

1. Interpretation: The frequency table above shows the response of respondents when they were asked questions depicting the impact of R2P on the displaced men as IDPs; 47 (18.4%) respondents strongly agree that R2P has impacted the displaced men as IDP; 183 (71.5%) respondents agreed that R2P has impacted the displaced men as IDP; while 14 (5.5%) respondents disagree, 1(0.4%) strongly disagreed that R2P has impacted on the displaced men as IDPs; and only 11 (4.3%) respondents were undecided. Therefore a total of 230 (89.9%) respondents agree R2P has impacted on the men as IDPs.

Interpretation: The frequency table above shows the response of respondents when they were asked questions depicting if government has been committed to R2P; 65 (25.4%) respondents strongly agree that government has been committed to R2P; 174 (68.0%) respondents agreed that government has been committed to R2P; while 7 (2.7%) respondents disagree, 2 (0.8%) strongly disagreed that government has been committed to R2P; and only 8 (3.1%) respondents were undecided. Therefore a total of 239(93.4%) respondents agree R2P has impacted on the men as IDPs

Table 4.3.1.3. Government Rehabilitated and Re-Integrated Men as IDPs in Nigeria

Interpretation: The frequency table above shows the response of respondents when they were asked questions depicting whether government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria; 53 (20.7%) respondents strongly agree that government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria; 163 (63.7%) respondents agreed that government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria; while 23 (9.0%) respondents disagree, 1 (0.4%) strongly disagreed that government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria; and only 8 (3.1%) respondents were undecided. Therefore majority of the respondents forming a total of 216 (84.4%) respondents agree that government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria.

Tabel 4.3.1.4. Displaced Men in Nigeria need the Government for Assistance and Protection for Their Basic Need

Interpretation: The frequency table above shows the response of respondents when they were asked questions depicting the displaced men need for the government for assistance and protection for their basic need; 247 (96.5%) respondents strongly agree that displaced men need for the government for assistance and protection for their basic need; 6 (2.3%) respondents agreed that displaced men need for the government for assistance and protection for their basic need; while 1 (0.4%) respondents disagree, 1 (0.4%) strongly disagreed that displaced men need for the government for assistance and protection for their basic need; and only 1 (0.4%) respondents were undecided. Therefore majority of the respondents forming a total of 253 (98.8%) respondents agree that government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria.

Tabel 4.3.1.5. Displaced Men are Not Faced with Challenges as IDPs in Nigeria

Interpretation: The frequency table above shows the response of respondents when they were asked questions regarding whether displaced men are not faced with challenges as IDPs in Nigeria; 250(97.7%) respondents strongly disagreed that displaced men are not faced with challenges as IDPs in Nigeria; 6 (2.3%) respondents disagreed that displaced men are not faced with challenges as IDPs in Nigeria.

Tabel 4.3.1.6. The Government has been committed to its Principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to Men as IDPs

Interpretation: The frequency table above shows the response of respondents when they were asked questions regarding whether the government has been committed to its principles of responsibility to protect (R2P) to men as IDPs; 14 (5.5%) respondents strongly agree that whether the government has been committed to its principles of responsibility to protect (R2P) to men as IDPs; 73 (28.5%) respondents agreed whether the government has been committed to its principles of responsibility to protect (R2P) to men as IDPs; while 77 (30.1%) respondents disagree, 61 (23.8%) strongly disagreed that whether the government has been committed to its principles of responsibility to protect (R2P) to men as IDPs; and 31 (12.1%) respondents were undecided. Therefore majority of the respondents forming a total of 138(53.9%) respondents agree that whether the government has been committed to its principles of responsibility to protect (R2P) to men as IDPs.

Proposition 1. What are the Endemic Challenges Facing Men Population of the IDPs in Nigeria

Interpretation: The above frequency table shows the response of the respondents towards the endemic challenges faced by them. Two sections were provided where the respondents filled two challenges. Unemployment was ranked first with a frequency of 173 and percentage of 33.8%. Feeding challenges was ranked second with a frequency value and percentage value of 102 and 19.9%. The third ranked challenge was insecurity, which had a total of 84 holding a percentage value of 16.4%.The fourth ranked challenge was Shelter which had a total of 63 holding a percentage value of 12.3%. The fifth ranked endemic challenge was family, which had a total of 30 holding a percentage value of 5.9%. The sixth challenge faced by the respondents was health challenges, which held a frequency of 25 and percentage if 4.9%. The seventh challenge faced by these men is inadequate power supply holding a frequency of 23 and percentage of 4.5%. The last endemic challenge was that of corruption holding a frequency of 12 and a percentage of 2.3%.

This shows that majority of the IDPs men believed that Unemployment is a major endemic challenge that they are currently facing in Nigeria.

Proposition 2. What are the Major Challenges Faced in Rehabilitating and Reintegrating Men as IDPs in Nigeria

Interpretation: The above frequency table and bar chart shows the response of the respondents towards major challenges faced in rehabilitating and reintegrating men as IDPs in Nigeria. Two sections were provided where the respondents filled two challenges. Insecurity was ranked first with a frequency of 238 and percentage of 46.5%. Corruption came ranked in as second with a frequency value and percentage value of 237 and 46.3%. The third ranked challenge was lack of finance which had a total of 17 holding a percentage value of 3.3%.The fourth ranked challenge was lack of education which had a total of 12 holding a percentage value of 2.3%. The sixth challenge faced by the respondents was discrimination challenges, which held a frequency of 5 and percentage of 1%. The last endemic challenge was that of feeding holding a frequency of 3 and a percentage of 0.6%.

This shows that insecurity and corruption is the major challenge faced in rehabilitating and reintegrating men as IDPs in Nigeria, as the percentage difference between these two challenges is 0.2%.

Proposition 3: To what extent has the Nigerian government been committed to its R2P to men as IDPs?

Interpretation: The frequency table above shows the response of respondents when they were asked questions depicting if government has been committed to R2P; 65 (25.4%) respondents strongly agree that government has been committed to R2P; 174 (68.0%) respondents agreed that government has been committed to R2P; while 7 (2.7%) respondents disagree, 2 (0.8%) strongly disagreed that government has been committed to R2P; and only 8 (3.1%) respondents were undecided. Therefore a total of 239 (93.4%) respondents agree R2P has impacted on the men as IDPs.

The respondents were furthered asked on how rehabilitating and reintegrating men as IDPs in Nigeria can be improved. Below are the responses on how can rehabilitate and reintegrating men as IDPs in Nigeria be improved.

Interpretation: The above frequency table shows the response of the respondents towards the solutions suggestions for reintegrating and rehabilitating men as IDPs in Nigeria. Two sections were provided where the respondents filled two challenges. Providing security was ranked first with a frequency of 240 and percentage of 46.9%. Stopping corruption was ranked second with a frequency value and percentage value of 227 and 44.3%. The third and fourth ranked solution was provision of good educational system and access to finance, which had a total of 14 holding a percentage value of 2.7%. The fifth ranked solution was skill acquisition, which had a total of 8 holding a percentage value of 1.6%. The last solution provided by the respondents was eradication if discrimination challenges, which held a frequency of 4 and percentage if 0.8. This shows that providing security and putting an end to corruption are the major ways of rehabilitating and reintegrating displaced men as IDPs in Nigeria.

The researcher interviewed a NEMA official, Mr. Philip Ikoli of Communication unit of the Organization, Abuja.

Researcher: Sir, Nigeria is a signatory to Responsibility to Protect, in your own view, has Responsibility to Protect impacted on the displayed men as IDPs?

Nigeria is a signatory to many international treaties including R2P. This is very needful considering the rate of conflict and insurgency in the country. I think your question is taken care of by the fact of our (NEMA) existence. Though our activities may seem reactionary, but as an agency of government, our humanitarian activities forestall crisis or conflict from degenerating into full blown war. Providing basic needs to the people and families affected by conflict or insurgency renews their hope. We are taking care of over 1, 000,000, 00 thousand IDPs in the. Country; the state can be thrown into chaos if such number is not looked after. So, you can approach that from different dimension.

Researcher: Sir, Has government been committed to Responsibility to Protect?

Certainly, this question is in line with your first question. NEMA is an important Agency of government, funded and fully supported. As I told you the achievements of NEMA, that depicts the commitment of government. I’m sure you that government functions through its Agencies.

Researcher: To what extent has government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria?

Government is moving away from humanitarian services towards ensuring full recovery plan to rebuild affected communities for sustainability. It will no longer be the culture of issuing food handouts to IDPs especially the men IDPs but to get them productive in their own environment. This is achieved by taking the first step which is rehabilitating and reintegrating them. This is why government has allocated much fund in conjunction with the state governments to establish the centres. Even here in Abuja, good numbers of men IDPs have resettled in Abuja affording their own rents. So, to a great, the government in collaboration with some NGOs has empowered good number of men IDPs.

Researcher: Nigerians are known for their doggedness, which may suffice to say that displaced men in Nigeria do not need the government for assistance and protection for their basic needs?

The question again links to your last question. Even the literary understanding of IDP is needs, people who are in need of humanitarian assistance. And one of the purposes of establishing a government is welfarism especially in situations like this. So government through its agencies like NEMA and other sister agencies has continued to provide for the needs of the IDPs including men category, and that has continued to sustain them. So they are in very much need of government’s assistance.

Researcher: Sir, another question that requires your response is that, displaced men are not faced with challenges as IDPs in Nigeria?

The men categories of IDPs are in most need of attention and assistance. This goes to tell you the numerous challenges that confront them. Men who were catering for their families, just in a sudden they became beggars even to feed the families. In some cases they lost their children due to hunger and surmountable ill health. So it reduces one as a man. This is why government has taken upon itself to empower them especially in the area of agriculture. In collaboration with banks, soft loans are made accessible to them for self sustenance.

Researcher: Sir, sequel to your affirmation that men of IDPs are faced with challenges, what are the endemic challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria?

Yes, what I may call the wicked challenge that has faced men of IDPs is lack of sustainable occupation. This is not only an endemic challenge to the men of IDPs but to the country as a whole. The government through its agencies is not relenting in confronting this challenge. Through the policy on rehabilitation and reintegration of the IDPs, NEMA is partnering with institutions like Micro finance-bank Nigerian agricultural Insurance Cooperation, and some NGOs in empowering and protecting occupational skills giving to the men of IDPs. Certainly, once this is achieved, other chains of challenges get attention and resolved.

Researcher: Sir, how can a global awareness be mounted to create equal opportunities for internally displaced men as their counterparts in the vulnerable category?

Actually, the country is faced with series of inter-connected humanitarian and economic crises which, if not resolve, will upset basic life-support systems, contribute to the worsening the security structures and perpetuate underdevelopment and indebtedness. This underscores the need for rehabilitation and reintegration of especially men of IDPs. This, of course has its challenging factors. The President, in one of the international conferences in Nairobi, Kenya, maintained that one of the major challenges of his administration is facing is how to rehabilitate and resettle IDPs in the country. The Boko Haram resilience and continuous onslaught pose a big challenge to this effect. The group has often times focused its attack on soft targets like IDP camps and centres which impedes resettlement process.

Again, lack of synergy and play of politics also affect this programme. Therefore, the policy of rehabilitation, resettlement and reintegration of IDPs will succeed greatly with less politics and more collaboration and synergy of efforts by state and non-state actors. But so far, the government is gradually surmounting these challenges.

Researcher: Sir lastly, how can rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria be improved?

I think this was taken care of in your last question. Certainly, to quarantine Boko Haram group in Sambisa Forest and taken them out by the military and ensuring collaboration among the actors is key to its improvement and sustenance. Thank you.

The researcher also interviewed an official of National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI), Aisha Ismail Salaudeen.

Sorry, I will be going straight to the point, that’s I may not be elaborate, due to much engagements. You know this is election period. Yes, government has over the years taking R2P very seriously. Many agencies have been established in regards to this. Even as I speak to you, the Senate in December (2018) passed the bill of Repeal and Re-enactment of 2018, seeking to expand the functions of our commission. So government is doing its best in sustaining its commitment.

Researcher: Nigerians are seen as very hard working people, so displaced men in Nigeria do not need the government for assistance and protection for their basic needs?

As I speak to you, the commission is looking for assistance, resources; we are moving into partnership just to meet up with the needs of IDPs, even the men category. Around October last year (2018) the commission in partnership with Emzor offered free medical care to IDPs here in FCT. Of course health is one of the basic needs of man.

Researcher: Ma, displaced men are not faced with challenges as IDPs in Nigeria?

There are numerous challenges that confront men of IDPs, ranging from psychological, socio-cultural, and political to economic. And in all these, government is doing its best in rehabilitating them, providing basic facilities within the camp, re-socializing and resettling them.

Researcher: Why has media under-reported the challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria?

I think you asked that question probably because you often time see or read headlines on children and women. Looking at the vulnerable nature of these categories you may expect that. But that does not mean that less attention is given to them. Few months ago the commission met with DG of National Identity Management Commission, Barr. Chris Onyemenam, with the interest of partnering with the commission to have a unique and special data fields for displayed persons, and of course this includes the men category.

Researcher: How can a global awareness be mounted to create equal opportunities for internally displaced men as their counterpart in the vulnerable category?

In this regard, the government has championed the course. The commission and agencies relating to IDPs have through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented this awareness, to the international community in different forum. And this has started yielding results.

Researcher: What are the challenges faced in rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria?

Government has made effort in providing the necessary facilities needed for rehabilitation and re-settlement. Though the military has tremendously dealt with the insurgent called Boko haram, but they continue to resurface. So insecurity has remained the bane, but in no distant time it shall be a thing of history, Ishalau.

Researcher: Ma, lastly, how can rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria be improved?

Thank God this is the last one. As I told you government has provided facilities for this, further decimation of Boko Haram by the military, will help us achieve further success in this area. Thank you.

Researcher: Sir, has government been committed to Responsibility to Protect? I will tell you that government have been trying but it is still not enough. They normally respond to our needs or letters to them once in a while. It is mainly NGOs that visit us frequently. Since you have been here, you have seen some NGOs that have visited us.

Researcher: Has government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria? Government is channeling more attention to that on the IDPs at Bornu, Adamawa and Yobe states. Some of us ran away from these states and formed this camp since 2013/2014, that time it took time before the government could recognize us. Many of us settled within the towns and communities here in Abuja.

Researcher: Sir, displaced men in Nigeria do not need the government for assistance and protection for their basic needs? That is not true. There is no way someone who forcefully ran away from his home without anything, just with the children, and will need assistance. Up till now we are still calling on government to come to our aid, those of us here are still in need of basic assistance, not only focusing attention on IDPs residing in Northeast.

Researcher: Sir, displaced men are not faced with challenges as IDPs in Nigeria? By virtue of being an IDP that means we are faced by numerous challenges you can see how poor this environment is. That we are IDPs, at least we are still human beings who deserve decent environment. The government is far from doing what is expected of them. The things you are seeing here - the bole-hole, the GP tanks, the school building and the generator to pump water are all provided by NGOs. And more importantly, we have health challenge here; you can see the letters I have written to the Federal Commissioner for Refugees on some of our members who have critical health challenge, up till now no response. Even as I have taken them to government hospital, full treatment is yet to commence because she has not authorized.

Researcher: Sir, what are the endemic challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria? We are faced with endemic challenges - Feeding, health, accommodation, indecent environment, lack of occupation, and empowerment. In all sincerity, we appreciate the efforts of NGOs because if not them, I wonder what would have become of us.

Researcher: Why has media under-reported the challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria? Generally, the media focus only on IDPs in the Northeast. Here, you hardly see any media coming to cover and report what we are passing through here. We know how distant our camp is from the nearest accessible town, even the government officials and agencies, and NGOs rarely visit us, but the media is meant to cover and bring such areas to limelight. We the men are at the receiving end because our families are depending on us, so we are on pressure to at least see that they feed, but the media report more on the children because of their vulnerable nature.

Researcher: How can a global awareness be mounted to create equal opportunities for internally displaced men as their counterparts in the vulnerable category? It is the government that has much responsibility on this. Through their affiliations with the international communities, the government will meet at that level and deliberate on it for proper recognition.

Researcher: What are the major challenges faced in rehabilitating and re-integrating men in IDPs in Nigeria? Those of us in camp here; we are not part of the programme. Nobody seem to recognize us, that is why, if you can see, you will notice that we have already integrated ourselves with the host community here. Most of us are no longer living in the camp here; we only come around in situations like this. So, the programme is mainly for camps in northeast, but even at that, my brothers over there are still facing the challenges because Boko Haram is still attacking them.

Researcher: How can rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria be improved? The government should have a proper data on IDP camps in the country and carryout the programme in the camps irrespective of where it is located. After this, much fund should be allocated for effective implementation meanwhile, it is important that the military reduce the attack of Boko Haram to avoid having more IDPs.

The group consisted of 8 members from Bornu and Yobe of different local governments. The modalities for focus group interview were presented to them as a guide. The group members share same opinion on the issues presented to them.

Moderator: What are the endemic challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria?

The respondents through individual deliberations hold that there are endemic challenges facing men of IDPs in the country. They identified these as - feeding, shelter, occupation, absence of basic amenities, health. They maintained that these have become perennial.

Moderator: Why has media under-reported the challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria?

The group members argued that there is under-reportage of the challenges men of IDPs are facing by the media. 5 members hold that this is because the media see men as naturally not vulnerable; therefore they focus their attention on women and children. While 3 members maintain that it is because the society are more interested to the survival of women and children in times of crises, and this affects the operation of the media.

Moderator: How can a global awareness be mounted to create equal opportunities for internally displayed men as their counterparts in the vulnerable category?

After deliberating on this question by individual group members, they maintained that government is the main institution in better position to champion this course. The government should present it to the international community to build a conversation around it. Because it is important considering what the men IDPs pass through.

Moderator: How can rehabilitate and re-integrating men in IDPs in Nigeria be improved?

The respondents deliberated on the issue, 6 members hold the opinion that elimination of corruption will help tremendously in improving the rehabilitation and re-integration of men as IDPs. While 1 member maintained that government should allocate more fund to the rehabilitation and re-integration programme as it will help improve the programme.

The study examined responsibility to protect and the challenges of displaced men in Nigeria between 2009 and 2019. Analysis above answered the questions posed in the study and tested the propositions of the research. The study discovered that displaced men in Nigeria are faced with various challenges. The data provided was analyzed using simple percentages.

The study answered the research question on the endemic challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria. These challenges range from feeding, unemployment, corruption, shelter, insecurity, family, inadequate power supply and health. The finding is consistent with the studies of Ahmad (2018); Odusanya (2016); Levinus (2016); Oyefara and Alabi (2016) IDPs are faced with insecurity as a result of Boko Haram insurgency, unemployment, dislocation from family members, are challenges displaced men face in Nigeria. These shelters are not sufficient and in most cases existing shelters are destroyed or damaged. The accommodations are overcrowded and unsuitable in terms of sanitation and water facilities. This can also be affirmed during an interview section with the coordinator of Durumi camp, Ibrahim Halilu Idris (Oral interview, 2019) the respondent said that insecurity, lack of accommodation, feeding, unemployment are the endemic challenges facing men population of IDPs in Nigeria. The respondents choose unemployment, feeding and insecurity as an endemic challenge. The respondents observed that government has not done much in creating employment in other for them to feed their families coupled with the security situation in the country which has deteriorated making the above challenges endemic to displaced men in Nigeria. This shows that majority of the IDPs men believed that Unemployment is a major endemic challenge that they are currently facing in Nigeria.

The study reveals that the Nigerian government has been committed to R2P to men as IDPs. The study also reveals that displaced men in Nigeria just like their counter parts in the vulnerable group are faced with various challenges. Data collected from the field shows that IDPs men are faced with unemployment, health due to inadequate facilities and medical practitioners, feeding; insecurity and insufficient shelter are challenges displaced men faced. Existing works from (Odusanya, 2016; Levinus, 2016; Oyefara and Alabi, 2016) affirms this as the plights of IDPs in Nigeria. The study also shows that men are discriminated against which is a challenge why they have not been reintegrated back into society as stated by respondents and are also faced with insecurity. This has made it difficult or impossible for them to be reintegrated back into societies where they lived before displacement. Most of the respondent indicated that Boko Haram insurgency in the northeast is the major reason why they have not been able to reintegrate back into society. Lack of education and corruption have also hindered them from been rehabilitated. The study therefore shows that making provision for security and fighting corruption will enable IDPs men rehabilitate and reintegrate back into their habitual place of residence before displacement occurred.

Furthermore, the analysis on the challenges faced in rehabilitating and reintegrating men IDPs in Nigeria produced the following findings that the challenges considered centred on insecurity, corruption, and discrimination against IDPs, lack of education, and lack of finance and feeding. The findings show that insecurity has the highest percentage which has made displaced persons find it difficulty in reintegrating back into their societies. According to respondents, insecurity ranks first as a result of Boko Haram activities in the northeast. This finding is affirmed in the study by Saskia (2018) in his work he found out that Boko Haram happens to be the major reason why reintegrating and rehabilitating IDPs pose a serious challenge as the group are still adducting, kidnapping and killing innocent people and causing mayhem in the northeast. Respondents are of the opinion that the military should take out Boko Haram from Sambisa forest. This will help IDPs to be able to reintegrate back into their societies. While the issue of corruption came second as respondents are of the view that eliminating corruption will help improve rehabilitating and reintegrating men IDPs back to their states of origin. Lack of finance, education, feeding and discrimination of displaced persons raked lowest as the challenges faced in rehabilitation and reintegration of men in Durumi Area 1 camp Abuja. This however, shows that insecurity and corruption are the major challenges faced in rehabilitating and reintegrating men as IDPs in Nigeria, as the percentage difference between insecurity and corruption is 0.2%.

From preposition 3 on government commitments to its responsibility to protect men as IDPs in Nigeria. It shows 93.4% respondents agreed that responsibility to protect has impacted on the men as IDPs in Nigeria. 7.6% respondents indicated that government has not been committed to R2P. Respondents indicated that government through its established agencies have been doing their best to provide the basic needs of IDPs, which includes the men category. As indicated by Buhari at the opening of sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development in Nairobi were the president thanked the Japanese government for assisting the country through the UN children’s fund in improving the lives of internally displaced people (Olalekan, 2016). This indicates that the Nigerian government has done well in this regards through the assistance gotten from countries, individuals and organizations has helped in taking care of the needs of IDPs as shown by this study. For that reason, respondents agreed that R2P has impacted on the men as IDPs. Therefore, the proposition was rejected.

The issues of women, children and the elderly popularly known as the vulnerable groups have been the focus on existing literature on IDPs in Nigeria. This study therefore, was an attempt to bridge an existing gap in literature on the challenges displaced men face. It shows that IDPs men in Nigeria are faced with various problems such as unemployment, insecurity, feeding and shelter. Although, most respondents agreed that the government has been committed to responsibility to protect and providing their needs, the Nigerian government should do more in alleviating the plights of the men category like their counterparts in the vulnerable group. It went further to note that Boko Haram terrorists group have accounted for the largest figures of displacement in the country, could recruit the men into their group as suicide bombers. All these have the propensity to upset the gains that have been made by government in fighting terrorism. Most of the respondent indicated that the major challenge they face in reintegrating back into society is the issue of insecurity perpetuated by Boko Haram insurgency. Therefore, government who has the responsibility to protect IDPs should ensure the safety of displaced persons within is territorial boundary. Based on the empirical and theoretical findings of this study, the following policy recommendations were made:

This work is not a complete collection on the problems of the men population of the IDPs in Nigeria. Further studies will be necessary due to the obvious limitations that the study encountered. The study generated data from only Durumi Area 1 Abuja IDPs camp in Nigeria, therefore, the data gotten from this camp may not fully indicate the challenges confronting the men population of the IDPs in the country. Furthermore, data were collected during the period of the just concluded national elections in the country, which was marred by restrictions of movement, political tension and general atmosphere of uncertainty. Hence, other studies that could engage a more elaborate research method, covering more of the IDPs camps in the country will be appropriate. On the other hand, despite the limitations suffered by this study, it was able to bridge a major gap in literature over the challenges displaced men population face in Nigeria. It shows that women, children and the elderly IDPs are not the only ones who are vulnerable rather the men populations also face dangerous risks in and outside the camps

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3) Occupation: Civil Servant

Trader

Farmer

Student

Any other, please specify………..

Section B: (A: Agree) (SA: Strongly Agree) (U: Undecided) (D: Disagree) (SD: Strongly Disagree)

8) What are the endemic challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria?

a) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8) Why has the media under-reported the challenges facing men population of the IDPs in Nigeria?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9) How can a global awareness be mounted to create equal opportunities for internally displaced men as their counterparts in the vulnerable category?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10) What are the major challenges faced in rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria?

a) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11) How can rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria be improved?

a) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) Has Responsibility to Protect impacted on the displayed men as IDPs in Nigeria?

3) To what extent has government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria?

4) Nigerians are known for their doggedness, which may suffice to say that displaced men in Nigeria do not need the government for assistance and protection for their basic needs?

7) What are the challenges faced in rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria?

8) How can rehabilitating and re-integrating men as IDPs in Nigeria be improved?

1 PhD Student, Department of Political Science and International Relations, College of Leadership Development Studies, Covenant University, Nigeria, Address: Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, Tel.: +2348031884727; Corresponding author: augustine4best@yahoo.com.

2 PhD Student, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Delta State University, Nigeria, Address: Abraka, Nigeria, Tel.: +2348063499170, E-mail: ugookolie3@gmail.com.

Solutions	Frequency	Rank	Percentage
Eradicating Discrimination	4	7	0.8
Providing Security	240	1	46.9
Stopping Corruption	227	2	44.3
Providing Good Educational System	14	3	2.7
Provision of food	5	6	1
Skill acquisition	8	5	1.6
Access to finance	14	4	2.7
Total	512		100

S/N	QUESTIONS	A	SA	U	D	SD
1	Has R2P impacted on the displaced men as IDPs?
2	Has Government been committed to R2P?
3	Has Government rehabilitated and re-integrated men as IDPs in Nigeria?
4	Displaced men in Nigeria do not need the government for assistance and protection for their basic needs?
5	Displaced men are not faced with challenges as IDPs in Nigeria?
6	The Government has not been committed to its principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to men as IDPs?

	Frequency	Valid Percentage
Valid	256	100%
Invalid/Unfilled	-	100%
Total	256	100%

		Frequency	Percent
Gender	Male	256	100
Gender	Total	131	100.0
Age	18-25	60	23.4
	26-30	110	43.0
	31-40	63	24.6
	41 and above	23	9.0
	Total	256	100.0
Marital status	Single	67	26.2
	Married	189	73.8
	Total	256	100.0
Educational Education	Tertiary Education	2	0.8
	Missing	254	99.2
	Total	256	100.0
Occupation	Civil Servant	21	8.2
	Trader	103	40.2
	Farmer	131	51.2
	Student	1	0.4
	Total	256	100
Nationality	Nigerian	252	98.4
Nationality	Non-Nigerian	4	1.6

		Frequency	Percent	Mean
Valid	Strongly Disagree	1	.4
	Disagree	14	5.5
	Undecided	11	4.3
	Agree	183	71.5
	Strongly Agree	47	18.4
	Total	256	100.0	4.0915

Endemic Challenges	Frequency	Rank	Percentage
Feeding	102	2	19.9
Unemployment	173	1	33.8
Corruption	12	8	2.3
Shelter	63	4	12.3
Insecurity	84	3	16.4
Family	30	5	5.9
Inadequate power supply	23	7	4.5
Health	25	6	4.9
Total	512		100