International Competition in Space. Political and Technological Challenges in the 21st Century
Keywords:
outer space; globalization; international relations; technology; securityAbstract
Technological progress in the field of space exploration implies for the future a diversity of challenges determined mainly by the new type of cosmic power expressed through specific capabilities and resources. Although, at this time we are at the level of exploration, the development of technology involves the realization of a space infrastructure on the basis of which exploitation in the space field is increasingly possible. All the concerns, at the level of research and development of space technology, including debates on legal issues, point out that space mining is increasingly possible and with certainly that changes will occur in the forms of expression of national power at state level.
References
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Hampson, Joshua (2017). The Future of Space Commercialization. Security Studies Fellow. The Niskanen Center, January 25, 2017.
Heise, Jack (2018). Space, the Final Frontier of Enterprise: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining Under a Revised International Framework. Michigan Journal of International Law Volume, 40 Issue 1.
Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2008). The Future of Space Exploration and Human Development. The Pardee Papers, No. 1/August 2008.
Lutes, Charles D.; Hays, Peter L.; Manzo, Vincent A.; Yambrick, Lisa M.; Bunn, M. Elaine (2011). Toward a Theory of Spacepower. Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University.
Way, Tyler A. (2018). The Space Gap: Access to Technology and the Perpetuation of Poverty, International Research Scape Journal, Volume 5, Article 7.
https://www.dlr.de/rd/en/Portaldata/28/Resources/dokumente/Raumfahrtstrategie_en.pdf.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313393314_Critical_astropolitics.
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1607/1607.04901.pdf.
*** U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, Public law, 114-90, Nov. 25, 2015.
*** Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l'exploration and the use of ressours de l’espace/ Act of 20 July 2017 on the exploration and use of space resources. Luxembourg.
*** Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the regions EU Space Industrial Policy, Brussels, 28.2.2013, COM (2013) 108 final.
*** Comunicare a Comisiei către Parlamentul European, Consiliu, Comitetul Economic și Social European și Comitetul Regiunilor, O strategie spațială pentru Europa, Comisia Europeană, Bruxelles/ Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Space Strategy for Europe, European Commission, Brussels, 26.10.2016, COM (2016) 705 final.
*** The future of the European space sector. How to leverage Europe’s technological leadership and boost investments for space ventures, The European Commission, 2019.
*** Space a Roadmap for unlocking future growth opportunities for Australia, 2018.
*** Committee on the Peaceful, Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, Fifty-seventh session, Vienna, 12 April 2018.
*** Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, Making Germany’s space sector fit for the future. The space strategy of the German Federal Government, Berlin, 2010.
Abdul Kalam, A. (2008). The Future of Space Exploration and Human Development. The Pardee Papers, No. 1/August, 9.
Anderson, S. W., Christensen, K., & LaManna, J. (2018). The development of natural resources in outer space. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 24.
Bergesen, A. J. (2018). From Geopolitics to Astropolitics, The Return of Geopolitics, . Switzerland: World Society Foundation Zurich.
de la Dehesa, G. (2007). Invingători și învinși în globalizare/Winners and losers in globalization. Bucharest: Historia.
Dudley-Flores, M., & Gangale, T. (18 - 20 September, 2007). The Globalization of Space – The Astrosociological Approach,. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007 Conference & Exposition, 4.
Duvall, R., & Havercroft, J. (2009). Critical Astropolitics: The Geopolitics of Space Control and the Transformation of State Sovereignty. Retrieved from Securing Outer Space: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313393314_Critical_astropolitics.
Moltz, J. C. (2019). The Changing Dynamics of Twenty-First-Century Space Power. Strategic Studies Quarterly Spring, 79.
Pfaltzgraff, R. (2013). International Relations Theory and Spacepower. Center for Security Studies, 6 May , 2.
Hampson, Joshua (2017). The Future of Space Commercialization. Security Studies Fellow. The Niskanen Center, January 25, 2017.
Heise, Jack (2018). Space, the Final Frontier of Enterprise: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining Under a Revised International Framework. Michigan Journal of International Law Volume, 40 Issue 1.
Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2008). The Future of Space Exploration and Human Development. The Pardee Papers, No. 1/August 2008.
Lutes, Charles D.; Hays, Peter L.; Manzo, Vincent A.; Yambrick, Lisa M.; Bunn, M. Elaine (2011). Toward a Theory of Spacepower. Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University.
Way, Tyler A. (2018). The Space Gap: Access to Technology and the Perpetuation of Poverty, International Research Scape Journal, Volume 5, Article 7.
https://www.dlr.de/rd/en/Portaldata/28/Resources/dokumente/Raumfahrtstrategie_en.pdf.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313393314_Critical_astropolitics.
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1607/1607.04901.pdf.
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Published
2020-10-11
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Pisleag, T. (2020). International Competition in Space. Political and Technological Challenges in the 21st Century: Array. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Relationes Internationales, 12(2). Retrieved from https://dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/AUDRI/article/view/601
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