Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, Vol. 7, No. 1
Abstract
Performance appraisal politics are viewed as a vital human resource management issue
where it consists of two salient features: motivational motive and punishment motive. The ability of
appraisers (e.g., immediate bosses/managers) to properly implement such appraisal politics in
allocating performance ratings may have significant impact on job satisfaction. Although the nature of
this relationship is important, little is known about the role of performance appraisal politics as a
predicting variable in the performance appraisal models. Therefore, this study was conducted to
examine the effect of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction using 150 usable
questionnaires gathered from employees who have worked in a national postal company in Sarawak,
Malaysia. In initial data analysis, the results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the
measurement scales used in this study satisfactorily met the standards of validity and reliability
analyses. Further, in hypothesis testing, the outcomes of stepwise regression analysis showed that
performance appraisal politics (i.e., motivational motive and punishment motive) significantly
correlated with job satisfaction. Statistically, this result confirms that performance appraisal politics
act as important predictors of job satisfaction in the studied organization. In addition, discussion,
implications and conclusion are elaborated.
References
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Aminuddin, M. (2008). Human Resource Management: Principles and Practices. Oxford University
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Baron, R.M. & Kenny, D.A. (1986). This Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social
Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality
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Blum, N.L. & Naylor, J.C. (1968). Industrial psychology:Its Theoritical and Social Foundation. New
York: Harper and Row.
Boswell, W.R. & Boudreau, J.W. (2002). Separating the developmental and evaluative performance
appraisal uses, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 16, pp. 391-412.
Cohen, J. & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral
Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cook, J. & Crossman, A. (2004). Satisfaction with Performance Appraisal System: A Study of Role
Perceptions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 19, pp. 526-541.
Cropanzano, R. & Folger, R. (1991). Procedural Justice and Worker Motivation. In Steers, R.M. and
Porter, L.W (Eds). Motivation and Work Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 131-43.
Cresswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions.
London: SAGE publications.
Dulebohn, J.H. & Ferris, G.R. (1999). The Role of Influence Tactics in Perceptions of Performance
Evaluations’ Fairness. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42, pp. 288-303.
Desimone, R.L., Werner, J.M., & Harris, D.M. (2002). Human Resource Development (3rd ed.).
Harcourt, Inc.
De Waal, A.A.D. (2003). Behavioral Factors Important for the Successful Implementation and Use of
Performance Management Systems, Management Decision, Vol. 41, pp. 688–97.
Fried, Y. & Tiegs, R.B. (1995). Supervisors’ Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Differential Relations
with Performance Ratings of Subordinates and the Moderating Effect of Screening Ability. Journal of
Applied Psychology, Vol. 80, pp. 282-91.
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Springer-Verlag.
Fletcher, C. (2001). Performance appraisal and management: The developing research agenda,
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74, pp. 473-87.
Fletcher, C. (2002). Appraisal: an individual psychological analysis, in Sonnentag, S. (Ed.),
Psychological Management of Individual Performance, Wiley, Chichester, 115-35.
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th Ed.).
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Ismail, A., Rafiuddin, N.M., Mohamad, M.M., Pei Zhen, K.W., Yew, J.S., & Kuan, K.L. (2009).
Mediating variable of justice features in the relationship between transformational leadership,
transactional leadership and trust in the leaders. Proceeding of International Conference on Teaching
& Management of Higher Education (ICITM), Concorde Hotel Shah Alam/UiTM Terengganu,
Malaysia, 2009, Dec 21-23.
Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R. & Wan, C.K (1990). Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression. California:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job
demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 5,
pp. 1039-1050.
Lefkowitz, J. (2000). The role of interpersonal affective regard in supervisory performance ratings: a
literature review and proposed causal model, Journal of Occupational and Organizational
Psychology, Vol. 73, pp. 67-85.
Locke, E.A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. In Dunnette, M.D. (Eds). Handbook
of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Rand McNally, Chicago: IL, 1297-349.
Leedy, P.D. & Ormrod, J.E. (2005). Practical Research: Planning and Design. Pearson Education
Ltd.
Marchington, M. & Wilkinson, A. (1996). Core Personnel and Development. Institute of Personnel
and Development: London.
Moorman, R.H. (1991). Relationship between organizational Justice and organizational citizenship
behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology,
Vol. 76, pp. 845-855.
Noe, A.R., Hollenbeck, J.H., Gerhart, B. & Wright, P.M. (2009). Fundemental of Human Resource
Management. McGraw Hill.
Nunally, J.C. & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pettijohn, C., Pettijohn, L.S., Taylor, A.J., & Keillor, B.D. (2001a). Are Performance Appraisals a
Bureaucratic Exercise or Can they be Used to Enhance Sales-Force Satisfaction and Commitment?,
Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 18, pp. 337–64.
Poon, J.M.L. (2003a). Situational Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Politics Perceptions.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18, pp. 138-55.
Poon, J.M.L. (2003b). Situational antecedents and outcomes of organizational politics perceptions.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 138 – 155.
Poon, J.M.L. (2004). Effects of Performance Appraisal Politics on Job Satisfaction and Turnover
Intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 33, pp. 322-334.
Rutherford, B., Boles, J. G., Hamwi, A., Madupalli, R., & Rutherford, L. (2009). The role of the
seven dimensions of job satisfaction in salesperson's attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Business
Research, Vol. 62, No. 11, pp. 1146-1151.
Ryness, S.L., Brown, K.G., & Colbert, A.E. (2002). Seven Common Misconceptions about Human
Resource Practices: Research Findings versus Practitioner Beliefs. Academy of Management
Executive, Vol. 36, pp. 577-600.
Sabeen, Z. & Mehbob, A.A.A. (2008). Perceived Fairness of and Satisfaction with Employee
Performance Appraisal and Its Impact on Overall Job Satisfaction. The Business Review, Cambridge,
Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 185-192.
Salimaki, A., & Jamsen, S. (2010). Perceptions of politics and fairness in merit pay. Journal of
Managerial Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 229-251.
Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sins, Inc.
Skinner, B.F. (1954). Science of learning and the art of teaching. Havard Educational Review, Vol.
24, pp. 86-97.
Snell, S. & Bohlander, G. (2007). Human Resource Management. Thompson.
Tabachnick, B.G., Barbara, G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Sydney: Allyn &
Bacon.
Tahir Suliman, A.M. (2007). Links between justice, satisfaction and performance in the workplace: A
survey in the UAE and Arabic context. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.
294-311
Thurston, P.W., & Mcnall, L. (2010). Justice perceptions of performance appraisal practices, Journal
of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 201 – 228
Tyler, T.R. (1994). Psychological Models of the Justice Motive: Antecedents of Distributive and
Procedural Justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, pp. 830-63.
Vigoda, E. (2000). Organizational Politics, Jobs Attitudes, and Work Outcomes: Exploration and
Implications for the Public Sector. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 57, pp. 326-347.
Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York : John Willey And Sons. Weiss, D.
Warr, P.B., Cook, J., & Wall, T.D. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and
aspects of psychological well-being. Journal Occupational Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 129-148.
Wong, C., Hui, C. & Law, K.S. (1995). Causal Relationships between Attitudinal Antecedents to
Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, pp. 342-346.
Wright, I.L.(1996). Qualitative International Management Research, in Punnett, B.J & Shenker, O.
Handbook for International Management Research. Oxford, UK: BlackWell Publishers Inc. 63-81.
Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Aminuddin, M. (2008). Human Resource Management: Principles and Practices. Oxford University
Press.
Armstrong, M. & Baron, A. (1998). Performance Management: The New Realities, Institute of
Personnel and Development, London.
Baron, R.M. & Kenny, D.A. (1986). This Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social
Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 1173-1182.
Blum, N.L. & Naylor, J.C. (1968). Industrial psychology:Its Theoritical and Social Foundation. New
York: Harper and Row.
Boswell, W.R. & Boudreau, J.W. (2002). Separating the developmental and evaluative performance
appraisal uses, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 16, pp. 391-412.
Cohen, J. & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral
Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cook, J. & Crossman, A. (2004). Satisfaction with Performance Appraisal System: A Study of Role
Perceptions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 19, pp. 526-541.
Cropanzano, R. & Folger, R. (1991). Procedural Justice and Worker Motivation. In Steers, R.M. and
Porter, L.W (Eds). Motivation and Work Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 131-43.
Cresswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions.
London: SAGE publications.
Dulebohn, J.H. & Ferris, G.R. (1999). The Role of Influence Tactics in Perceptions of Performance
Evaluations’ Fairness. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42, pp. 288-303.
Desimone, R.L., Werner, J.M., & Harris, D.M. (2002). Human Resource Development (3rd ed.).
Harcourt, Inc.
De Waal, A.A.D. (2003). Behavioral Factors Important for the Successful Implementation and Use of
Performance Management Systems, Management Decision, Vol. 41, pp. 688–97.
Fried, Y. & Tiegs, R.B. (1995). Supervisors’ Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Differential Relations
with Performance Ratings of Subordinates and the Moderating Effect of Screening Ability. Journal of
Applied Psychology, Vol. 80, pp. 282-91.
Foster, D.P., Stine, B. & Waterman, R. (1998). Business Analysis Using Regression: A Casebook.
Springer-Verlag.
Fletcher, C. (2001). Performance appraisal and management: The developing research agenda,
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74, pp. 473-87.
Fletcher, C. (2002). Appraisal: an individual psychological analysis, in Sonnentag, S. (Ed.),
Psychological Management of Individual Performance, Wiley, Chichester, 115-35.
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th Ed.).
New Jersey: Prentice Hall International, Inc.
Ismail, A., Rafiuddin, N.M., Mohamad, M.M., Pei Zhen, K.W., Yew, J.S., & Kuan, K.L. (2009).
Mediating variable of justice features in the relationship between transformational leadership,
transactional leadership and trust in the leaders. Proceeding of International Conference on Teaching
& Management of Higher Education (ICITM), Concorde Hotel Shah Alam/UiTM Terengganu,
Malaysia, 2009, Dec 21-23.
Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R. & Wan, C.K (1990). Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression. California:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job
demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 5,
pp. 1039-1050.
Lefkowitz, J. (2000). The role of interpersonal affective regard in supervisory performance ratings: a
literature review and proposed causal model, Journal of Occupational and Organizational
Psychology, Vol. 73, pp. 67-85.
Locke, E.A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. In Dunnette, M.D. (Eds). Handbook
of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Rand McNally, Chicago: IL, 1297-349.
Leedy, P.D. & Ormrod, J.E. (2005). Practical Research: Planning and Design. Pearson Education
Ltd.
Marchington, M. & Wilkinson, A. (1996). Core Personnel and Development. Institute of Personnel
and Development: London.
Moorman, R.H. (1991). Relationship between organizational Justice and organizational citizenship
behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology,
Vol. 76, pp. 845-855.
Noe, A.R., Hollenbeck, J.H., Gerhart, B. & Wright, P.M. (2009). Fundemental of Human Resource
Management. McGraw Hill.
Nunally, J.C. & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pettijohn, C., Pettijohn, L.S., Taylor, A.J., & Keillor, B.D. (2001a). Are Performance Appraisals a
Bureaucratic Exercise or Can they be Used to Enhance Sales-Force Satisfaction and Commitment?,
Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 18, pp. 337–64.
Poon, J.M.L. (2003a). Situational Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Politics Perceptions.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18, pp. 138-55.
Poon, J.M.L. (2003b). Situational antecedents and outcomes of organizational politics perceptions.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 138 – 155.
Poon, J.M.L. (2004). Effects of Performance Appraisal Politics on Job Satisfaction and Turnover
Intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 33, pp. 322-334.
Rutherford, B., Boles, J. G., Hamwi, A., Madupalli, R., & Rutherford, L. (2009). The role of the
seven dimensions of job satisfaction in salesperson's attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Business
Research, Vol. 62, No. 11, pp. 1146-1151.
Ryness, S.L., Brown, K.G., & Colbert, A.E. (2002). Seven Common Misconceptions about Human
Resource Practices: Research Findings versus Practitioner Beliefs. Academy of Management
Executive, Vol. 36, pp. 577-600.
Sabeen, Z. & Mehbob, A.A.A. (2008). Perceived Fairness of and Satisfaction with Employee
Performance Appraisal and Its Impact on Overall Job Satisfaction. The Business Review, Cambridge,
Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 185-192.
Salimaki, A., & Jamsen, S. (2010). Perceptions of politics and fairness in merit pay. Journal of
Managerial Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 229-251.
Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sins, Inc.
Skinner, B.F. (1954). Science of learning and the art of teaching. Havard Educational Review, Vol.
24, pp. 86-97.
Snell, S. & Bohlander, G. (2007). Human Resource Management. Thompson.
Tabachnick, B.G., Barbara, G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Sydney: Allyn &
Bacon.
Tahir Suliman, A.M. (2007). Links between justice, satisfaction and performance in the workplace: A
survey in the UAE and Arabic context. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.
294-311
Thurston, P.W., & Mcnall, L. (2010). Justice perceptions of performance appraisal practices, Journal
of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 201 – 228
Tyler, T.R. (1994). Psychological Models of the Justice Motive: Antecedents of Distributive and
Procedural Justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, pp. 830-63.
Vigoda, E. (2000). Organizational Politics, Jobs Attitudes, and Work Outcomes: Exploration and
Implications for the Public Sector. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 57, pp. 326-347.
Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York : John Willey And Sons. Weiss, D.
Warr, P.B., Cook, J., & Wall, T.D. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and
aspects of psychological well-being. Journal Occupational Psychology, Vol. 52, pp. 129-148.
Wong, C., Hui, C. & Law, K.S. (1995). Causal Relationships between Attitudinal Antecedents to
Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, pp. 342-346.
Wright, I.L.(1996). Qualitative International Management Research, in Punnett, B.J & Shenker, O.
Handbook for International Management Research. Oxford, UK: BlackWell Publishers Inc. 63-81.
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2021-05-25
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